Follow-up of users of intrauterine device with and without bacterial vaginosis and other cervicovaginal infections

The Association between Copper Containing IUCD and Bacterial Vaginosis

“…Several studies suggest that the tail of the device might facilitate the ascent of cervicovaginal microorganisms into the uterus (4,8,11,15). Therefore, pathogenic microorganisms can be transferred into the uterine cavity by the tail of IUCD.…”

“…The insertion of such a device may promote the colonization of some anaerobic microorganisms like Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus sp., Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum both on the tail of IUCD and the mucousa of the uterus. After this inoculation, these microorganisms may carry out the development of PID (8,11). According to this opinion, the tail of copper device plays a crucial role for genital infections.…”

“…Several studies indicated that this infection could lead to diverse upper genital tract infections. According to the literature data, women with BV have an increased relative risk of post partum endometritis, post cesarean wound infection, premature rupture of membranes, premature labor, intra-amniotic infection and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (8,9,10,11,12). In the literature, the relation between several infections such as actinomycosis, trichomoniasis and IUCD was reported (13,14).…”

Study of Microbial Flora of Female Genital Tract in Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Users

“…The insertion of such a device may promote the colonization of anaerobic microorganisms both on the tail of IUCD and the mucosa of the uterus. After this inoculation, these microorganisms may carry out the development of pelvic inflammatory disease (3,11).…”

“…The use of IUCD, especially the tail of the device, may change the normal vaginal flora from aerobic to anaerobic which favours the growth of bacterial vaginosis associated bacteria. Several studies suggest that the tail of the device might facilitate the ascent of cervicovaginal microorganisms into the uterus (3,11). Therefore, pathogenic…”