Folding of the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia: Regional Differences in Gyrification

Palaniyappan, Lena; Mallikarjun, Pavan; Joseph, Verghese; White, Thomas P.; Liddle, Peter F.

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.012

Cited by 95 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The literature on gyrification in chronic schizophrenia is inconclusive, with previous studies showing increased gyrification in the right parahippocampal-lingual cortex region in first episode schizophrenia (Schultz et al, 2010a), while others have found reduced gyrification in prefrontal cortex (Palaniyappan et al, 2011;Ronan et al, 2012).…”

Section: Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cortical thinning and caudate abnormalities in first episode psychosis and their association with clinical outcome

Scanlon

Anderson‐Schmidt

Kilmartin

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Research

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First episode psychosis (FEP) has been associated with structural brain changes, largely identified by volumetric analyses. Advances in neuroimaging processing have made it possible to measure geometric properties that may identify subtle structural changes not appreciated by a measure of volume alone. In this study we adopt complementary methods of assessing the structural integrity of grey matter in FEP patients and assess whether these relate to patient clinical and functional outcome at 3 year follow-up. 1.5 Tesla T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance (MR) images were acquired for 46 patients experiencing their first episode of psychosis and 46 healthy controls. Cerebral cortical thickness and local gyrification index (LGI) were investigated using FreeSurfer software. Volume and shape of the hippocampus, caudate and lateral ventricles were assessed using manual tracing and spherical harmonics applied for shape description. A cluster of cortical thinning was identified in FEP compared to controls; this was located in the right superior temporal gyrus, sulcus, extended into the middle temporal gyrus (lateral temporal cortex -LTC). Bilateral caudate volumes were significantly lower in FEP relative to controls and the right caudate also displayed regions of shape deflation in the FEP group. No significant structural abnormalities were identified in cortical LGI or hippocampal or lateral ventricle volume/shape. Neither LTC nor caudate abnormalities were related to change in symptom severity or global functioning 3 years later. LTC and caudate abnormalities are present at the first episode of psychosis but do not appear to directly affect clinical or functional outcome.

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Section: Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 97%

Cortical thinning and caudate abnormalities in first episode psychosis and their association with clinical outcome

Scanlon

Anderson‐Schmidt

Kilmartin

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Research

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“…Given that gross gyrification of the brain is largely established at birth, deviations in basic neurodevelopmental processes in utero, as a result of genetic or environmental influences, can lead to hypo-or hyper-gyrification. Focal alterations in gyrification have been identified in neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia (Harris et al, 2007;Palaniyappan, Mallikarjun, Joseph, White, & Liddle, 2011), autism spectrum disorders (Libero, DeRamus, Deshpande, & Kana, 2014;Wallace et al, 2013), fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (Infante et al, 2015), and Williams syndrome (Fahim et al, 2012). However, gyrification represents a novel area of literature and findings are mixed, with reports of gyrification being increased, decreased, or variable by cortical subregion.…”

Section: Cortical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural brain markers are differentially associated with neurocognitive profiles in socially marginalized people with multimorbid illness.

et al. 2017

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Homeless and marginally housed individuals constitute a socially impoverished population characterized by high rates of multimorbid illness that includes polysubstance use, viral infection, and psychiatric illness. Their extensive exposure to risk factors is associated with numerous poor outcomes, yet little is known about structural brain integrity and its association with neurocognition in this population. In Study 1, we conducted a cluster analysis to re-construct three previously derived subgroups with distinct neurocognitive profiles in a large sample of socially marginalized persons (N = 299). Cluster 1 (n = 87) was characterized as highest functioning overall, whereas Cluster 3 (n = 103) was the lowest functioning neurocognitively, with a relative strength in decision-making. Cluster 2 (n = 109) fell intermediate to the other subgroups, with a relative weakness in decision-making. Next, we examined the association between complementary fronto-temporal cortical brain measures (gyrification, cortical thickness) and neurocognitive profiles using multinomial logistic regression. Chi-square tests and ANOVAs differentiated subgroups on proxy measures of neurodevelopment and acquired brain insult/risk exposure. We found that greater frontal and temporal gyrification and more proxies of aberrant neurodevelopment were associated with Cluster 3 (lowest functioning subgroup). Further, age moderated the association between orbitofrontal cortical thickness and neurocognition, with positive associations in older adults, and negative associations in younger adults. Finally, greater acquired brain insult/risk exposure was associated with the cluster characterized by selective decisionmaking impairment (Cluster 2), and the higher functioning cluster (Cluster 1). In Study 2, we examined the association between white matter integrity and neurocognitive profiles using multinomial logistic regression and Tract-based Spatial Statistics. We found significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA), with corresponding increased axial and radial diffusivity (AD, RD) in widespread and bilateral brain regions of Cluster 3.Differences in RD were more prominent compared to AD. Altogether, our findings highlight the unique pathways to neurocognitive impairment in a heterogeneous population and help to clarify the vulnerabilities confronted by different subgroups.

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“…Higher GI in prefrontal cortex has been found among high-risk patients who later developed schizophrenia compared to those who did not (Harris et al, 2004(Harris et al, , 2007. Studies using the automated lGI method have shown reduced folding in the right prefrontal cortex among patients with adolescent onset (Janssen et al, 2009) and adult onset schizophrenia (Palaniyappan et al, 2011), and reduced folding in the left insula and medial parieto-occipital cortex in adult onset schizophrenia (Palaniyappan and Liddle, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced brain cortical folding in schizophrenia revealed in two independent samples

Nesvåg

Schaer

Haukvik

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Research

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The cerebral cortex is highly convoluted, and principal folding patterns are determined early in life. Degree of cortical folding in adult life may index aberrations in brain development. Results from previous studies of cortical folding in schizophrenia are inconsistent. Here we investigated cortical folding patterns in the hitherto largest sample of patients with schizophrenia drawn from two independent cohorts. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired from 207 patients and 206 healthy subjects recruited to two separate research projects in Sweden and Norway. Local gyrification index (lGI) was estimated continuously across the cortex using automated methods. Group differences in lGI were analyzed using general linear models. Patients had lower lGI in three large clusters of the cortex with peak differences found in the left precentral gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, and right precuneus. Similar, although not completely overlapping results were found when the two cohorts were analyzed separately. There were no significant interaction effects between age and diagnosis and gender and diagnosis. The finding of reduced degree of folding in large regions of the cerebral cortex across two independent samples indicates that reduced gyrification is an inherent feature of the brain pathology in schizophrenia.

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Folding of the Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia: Regional Differences in Gyrification

Cited by 95 publications

References 47 publications

Cortical thinning and caudate abnormalities in first episode psychosis and their association with clinical outcome

Cortical thinning and caudate abnormalities in first episode psychosis and their association with clinical outcome

Structural brain markers are differentially associated with neurocognitive profiles in socially marginalized people with multimorbid illness.

Reduced brain cortical folding in schizophrenia revealed in two independent samples

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