Fold geometry and folding – a review

Nabavi, Seyed Tohid; Fossen, Haakon

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103812

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 372 publications

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“…Their geometric features and occurrence bear valuable information on the strain, kinematics, and rheology (Nabavi and Fossen 2021). As for deformation in general, it can be analyzed in terms of geometry (e.g., structural orientation, attitude, size, and morphology or shape), kinematics (involving position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration of as many points as possible and thus progressive deformation), and dynamics (the relationship between forces or stress and kinematics; Yang et al 2019, Nabavi andFossen 2021). The analysis of fold structures as observed from remote sensing data forms the foundation for understanding and quantifying fold-related deformation.…”

Section: Lineament Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Folds and folding furthermore influence the evolution of the Earth's surface as they form, controlling patterns of erosion, sediment routing and depocenters. These processes cause rapid stratigraphic thickness variations that relate to the growth history of the folds (Nabavi and Fossen 2021).…”

Section: Lineaments and Regional Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies (e.g., Sanderson 1982, Hedlund et al 1994, Storti and Salvini 1996, Salvini and Storti 2001, Tavani et al 2008, Nabavi and Fossen 2021 suggested that structural (i.e., geometrical and kinematical) variables control the final deformation pattern in the fold. The study area is located in the connection between two large regional structures, whose plane-axial foliation planes directly interfere with the development of slopes and scarps, which have different susceptibilities to mass movements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Remote sensing applied to geological, structural, and mass movements characterization in the connection between Curral Homocline and Moeda Syncline, Quadrilátero Ferrífero Region, Brazil

Roncato¹,

Martins²,

Silva³

2023

Braz. J. Geol.

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Mass movements naturally occurring along slopes, especially after heavy rains, cause heavy losses of materials and life and affect highways, pipelines, and bridges, among other structures. Among the most common mass movements, landslides and subsequent mass flows especially stand out. Remote sensing and geoprocessing techniques are useful tools for geological and geotechnical analysis, here applied to characterization of mass movements from the analysis of the influence of slopes, lineaments or fractures, and geological-geotechnical at the junction of the Curral homocline and the Moeda syncline, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Southeast Brazil. The area consists of Archean granitic-gneissic basement and the greenstone belt sequence of the Rio das Velhas Supergroup with Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Minas Supergroup covering these two older successions. Based on satellite images, a preliminary map of lineaments was created, and fractures were grouped according to their direction before being rasterized. Each lineament group was associated with a previously known geological and/or structural feature. Geological units mapped in the area were numerically classified according to their mass movement susceptibility and related geotechnical units. Using a Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) image, a terrain slope raster was generated. The objective was to obtain a raster indicating low and high probabilities of mass movements. Four sets of lineaments were identified: the first set associated with the northeast strike stratification of the rocks of the Moeda Formation; the second set related to eastward-trending warp axis lineations; the third set related to the southeast trend of stretch lineaments or mafic dykes directions; and the fourth set evidently associated with the watershed pattern of the Curral Range crest, perpendicular to the strike of the rocks in the area. Simulations with different combinations of parameters produced eight scenarios were generated were constructed to classify the area as to its susceptibility to rupture through changes in slope, lithotype, and lineament density; the first four (1 to 4) were classified by using the slope percentage raster without interval reclassification, so its values in the cartographic algebra were not grouped. The last for (5 to 8), consider the slope percentage classified. This methodology successfully combines mathematical models for predicting mass movements and determining areas in the urban landscape most susceptible to these phenomena. As such, it comprises a useful tool for government planning of preventative actions for areas of high risk.

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Section: Lineament Interpretationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Lineaments and Regional Structuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Remote sensing applied to geological, structural, and mass movements characterization in the connection between Curral Homocline and Moeda Syncline, Quadrilátero Ferrífero Region, Brazil

Roncato¹,

Martins²,

Silva³

2023

Braz. J. Geol.

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“…Here, the basement and the sedimentary cover usually deformed together and there is no common detachment in such structures (Lacombe & Bellahsen, 2016; Pfiffner, 2017). Two types of folds in the foreland and hinterland structures, that is “parallel” (foreland) and “similar” (hinterland mainly), differ significantly in their properties (Nabavi & Fossen, 2021; Ramsay & Huber, 1987), including the degree of the strain homogeneity (Figure 1E).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Balanced cross‐section restoration in a complicated folded hinterland structure: Shilbilisaj profile, Talas ridge, Caledonian Tien Shan

et al. 2022

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Conventional cross-section balancing techniques based on layer length measuring can be applied only for foreland structures. To analyse complicated hinterland structure with numerous small-scale folds, this balancing technique requires the reliable and detailed tracing of the morphology of any layer throughout the cross-section, which is unattainable. We present a special kinematic method of balancing cross sections based "on the geometry of the folded domain" which enables the structural restoration of hinterland regions. We apply the method to restore the detailed structural section along the Shilbilisaj River, having a length of 26 km. We divided this section into 40-60 so-called "domains" each including 2-7 folds. Our method uses the fold's morphology to determine the strain ellipsoid, which describes the deformation of each domain and is used to restore its pre-folded state. By combining the pre-folded states of the domains, we reconstruct the entire profile, and calculate shortening values as K = L 0 /L 1 (initial to final length). The overall shortening value for the profile is 4.49, incrementally varying along the section from 3.79 to 5.53. The comparable results of two independently performed reconstructions emphasize the reliability of the applied balancing method.

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“…The kinematics of crustal deformation at fold‐and‐thrust belts is complicated by the interaction between faulting and folding (Chapple, 1978; Muñoz & Charrier, 1996; Nabavi & Fossen, 2021; Poblet & Lisle, 2011; Price, 1981; Sepehr & Cosgrove, 2004). Complex fault geometry causes shortening in the hanging wall that is accommodated by flexural slip, a type of plastic deformation that results from slip on multiple bedding planes in sedimentary strata (Couples et al., 1998; Johnson, 2018; Johnson & Johnson, 2002; Kaneko et al., 2015; Sathiakumar et al., 2020; Suppe, 1983; Tanner, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coseismic Folding During Ramp Failure at the Front of the Sulaiman Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt

Javed

Barbot

Javed

et al. 2022

Geophysical Research Letters

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Fold geometry and folding – a review

Cited by 45 publications

References 372 publications

Remote sensing applied to geological, structural, and mass movements characterization in the connection between Curral Homocline and Moeda Syncline, Quadrilátero Ferrífero Region, Brazil

Remote sensing applied to geological, structural, and mass movements characterization in the connection between Curral Homocline and Moeda Syncline, Quadrilátero Ferrífero Region, Brazil

Balanced cross‐section restoration in a complicated folded hinterland structure: Shilbilisaj profile, Talas ridge, Caledonian Tien Shan

Coseismic Folding During Ramp Failure at the Front of the Sulaiman Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt

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