Folate and cobalamin status in relation to diet in healthy 2-y-old children

Hay, Gry; Trygg, K; Whitelaw, Andrew; Johnston, Carole; Refsum, Helga

doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.003426

Cited by 24 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(36 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…When folate status is low or deficient, elevated plasma homocysteine is invariably observed (McNulty and Scott, 2008), but this marker is not specific for folate and may also be affected by changes in status of cobalamin and pyridoxine. (Hay et al, 2011). In the fifth study, serum folate concentrations reported as P5-P95 were 23 to 120 nmol/L in infants at the age of six months, 16 to 72 nmol/L in infants aged 12 months and 9 to 46 nmol/L in children at the age of two years (Hay et al, 2008).…”

Section: Folatementioning

confidence: 98%

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Products¹

2013

EFS2

185

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. This Opinion describes the dietary requirements of infants and young children, compares dietary intakes and requirements in infants and young children in Europe and, based on these findings, concludes on the potential role of young-child formulae in the diets of infants and young children, including whether they have any nutritional benefits when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of infants and young children. The Panel concluded on the levels of nutrient and energy intakes that are considered adequate for the majority of infants and young children, and evaluated the risk of inadequate nutrient intakes in infants and young children in living Europe. Dietary intakes of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iron, vitamin D and iodine (in some European countries) are low in infants and young children living in Europe, and particular attention should be paid to ensuring an appropriate supply of ALA, DHA, iron, vitamin D and iodine in infants and young children with inadequate or at risk of inadequate status of these nutrients. No unique role of young-child formulae with respect to the provision of critical nutrients in the diet of infants and young children living in Europe can be identified, so that they cannot be considered as a necessity to satisfy the nutritional requirements of young children when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of young children (such as breast milk, infant formulae, follow-on formulae and cow's milk).

show abstract

Section: Folatementioning

confidence: 98%

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Products¹

2013

EFS2

185

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In a systematic review on the associations between cobalamin intake and biomarkers in children (Iglesia et al, 2013), one cross-sectional study was identified which examined dietary intake of cobalamin and serum cobalamin, holoTC, MMA and tHcy concentrations in 155 healthy, non-breastfed Norwegian toddlers at 24 months of age (Hay et al, 2011). Seven-day weighed food records were used for cobalamin intake assessment.…”

Section: Infants and Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12)

Products¹

2015

EFS2

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derived Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for cobalamin (vitamin B12). The Panel considers that the approach based on a combination of biomarkers of cobalamin status, i.e. serum cobalamin, holotranscobalamin (holoTC), methylmalonic acid (MMA) and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), is the most suitable approach to derive DRVs for cobalamin. The Panel notes the uncertainties with respect to cut-off values for cobalamin insufficiency of these indicators and that an Average Requirement (AR) cannot be determined from the limited data available. There is consistent evidence in adults that a cobalamin intake of 4 µg/day and greater is associated with serum concentrations of holoTC and cobalamin within the reference ranges derived from healthy subjects, together with MMA and tHcy concentrations below the cut-off values for adults, which indicates an adequate cobalamin status. Therefore, the Panel sets an Adequate Intake (AI) for cobalamin at 4 µg/day for adults based on data on different biomarkers of cobalamin status and in consideration of observed mean intakes, which range between 4.2 and 8.6 μg/day in adults in several EU countries. AIs for infants and children are calculated by extrapolation from the AI for adults using allometric scaling and applying a growth factor. Estimated AIs range from 1.5 µg/day in infants aged 7-11 months to 4 µg/day in children aged 15-17 years. For pregnancy and lactation, additional cobalamin intakes related to the accumulation of cobalamin in fetal tissues and transfer of cobalamin into breast milk are considered and AIs of 4.5 and 5 µg/day, respectively, are proposed. Cobalamin is a metal complex with a central cobalt atom bonded to six ligands. The upper or β-axial ligand varies (R-group: cyano-, hydroxo-, aquo-, methyl-or adenosyl-group), giving rise to the correspondingly named chemical forms of the vitamin. In humans, two reactions are known to require cobalamin as coenzyme. One is the rearrangement of methylmalonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to succinylCoA in propionate metabolism by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase in mitochondria. The other is the cytosolic transmethylation of homocysteine by 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate to methionine by methionine synthase. The most frequent clinical expression of cobalamin deficiency is megaloblastic anaemia. Independent of megaloblastic anaemia, neurological dysfunction is another clinical feature of cobalamin deficiency. Cobalamin insufficiency is characterised by biochemical abnormalities, such as elevated total homocysteine (tHcy) and/or methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations in blood resulting from impaired cobalamin metabolic activity, with no specific clinical symptoms. © EuropeanCobalamin absorption consists of several steps, including its release from proteins, its binding by gastric intrinsic factor and the absorption of intrinsic factor-cobalamin complexes through receptormediated endocytosis in the terminal ileum. Fractional absor...

show abstract

“…Data on nutrient intakes and biochemical status in young children aged 12-36 months from 19 countries were reviewed by the expert group [17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. They are obtained from both national surveys and cross-sectional community-based surveys in Asia (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, People's Republic of China, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam), Australia, New Zealand, Europe (France, Ireland and Norway), Africa (Cameroon and South Africa), North America (Canada, Mexico and USA) and South America (Brazil).…”

Section: Nutrient Intakes and Status Of Young Children Aged 12-36 Monthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of Follow-Up Formula for Young Children Aged 12-36 Months: Recommendations of an International Expert Group Coordinated by the Nutrition Association of Thailand and the Early Nutrition Academy

Suthutvoravut

Chomtho

et al. 2015

Ann Nutr Metab

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: There are no internationally agreed recommendations on compositional requirements of follow-up formula for young children (FUF-YC) aged 1-3 years. Aim: The aim of the study is to propose international compositional recommendations for FUF-YC. Methods: Compositional recommendations for FUF-YC were devised by expert consensus based on a detailed literature review of nutrient intakes and unmet needs in children aged 12-36 months. Results and Conclusions: Problematic nutrients with often inadequate intakes are the vitamins A, D, B12, C and folate, calcium, iron, iodine and zinc. If used, FUF-YC should be fed along with an age-appropriate mixed diet, usually contributing 1-2 cups (200-400 ml) of FUF-YC daily (approximately 15% of total energy intake). Protein from cow's milk-based formula should provide 1.6-2.7 g/100 kcal. Fat content should be 4.4-6.0 g/100 kcal. Carbohydrate should contribute 9-14 g/100 kcal with >50% from lactose. If other sugars are added, they should not exceed 10% of total carbohydrates. Calcium should provide 200 mg/100 kcal. Other micronutrient contents/100 kcal should reach 15% of the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization recommended nutrient intake values. A guidance upper level that was 3-5 times of the minimum level was established. Countries may adapt compositional requirements, considering recommended nutrient intakes, habitual diets, nutritional status and existence of micronutrient programs to ensure adequacy while preventing excessive intakes.

show abstract

Folate and cobalamin status in relation to diet in healthy 2-y-old children

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for cobalamin (vitamin B12)

Composition of Follow-Up Formula for Young Children Aged 12-36 Months: Recommendations of an International Expert Group Coordinated by the Nutrition Association of Thailand and the Early Nutrition Academy

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About