Fog‐to‐Water for Water Scarcity in Climate‐Change Hazards Hotspots: Pilot Study in Southeast Asia

Abstract

the world has already experienced severe water scarcity for at least one month in a year, and it is expected that by 2030, about 700 million people could be influenced by intense water scarcity. [3] Since the demand for water has been increasing along with growing global population and socio-economic development especially in industrial and domestic sector, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly unanimously adopted a resolution to focus on this serious water issue for ten years (2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022)(2023)(2024)(2025)(2026)(2027)(2028). From 2018 to 2028, UNSDG will focus on sustainable development, management of water resources, access to water supply, and sanitation services.Water usage has been increasing worldwide because the global water demand and the effects of climate change intensify. Water demand has been increasing and continues to increase worldwide by about 1% per year since 1980s and through rough estimation, by 2050, water demand will increase up to 20% to 30% above the current level of water usage. [4] According to Ritchie and Roser, about 3.99 trillion m 3 of freshwater withdrawals were utilized for agriculture, industry, and municipal uses in 2014, but since the amount of water usage is still ascending, the amount of clean water will further shorten in the future. [5] India had the largest freshwater withdrawal of over 760 billion cubic meters per year, followed by China and United States which withdrew 600 and 480 billion m 3 , respectively in 2014. [6] It has been estimated that 2.1 billion people do not have access to safe as well as clean drinking water that causes 1.2 million deaths each year which generally is three times the number of homicides and equal to the number that died in road accidents globally. [6] Generally, ten billion tons of freshwater will be used up worldwide on a daily basis. United Nation estimates that 30% of the population in the world residing in 50 countries will face water scarcity or shortage. China is the country that spends the most amount of the water followed by United States of America,

A review on factors influencing fog formation, classification, forecasting, detection and impacts

“…Coastal areas of Angola, Namibia and South Africa, Kenya, Eastern Yemen, Oman, China, Sri Lanka, Mexico, along with the mountainous regions of Peru, Chile, and Ecuador, are some of the potential sites that can benefit from the installation of fog water harvesting systems (Climate Technology Centre & Network). Southeast Asia also sees fog water as a promising water source to deal with the water scarcity in regions prone to fog events in the near future (Ismail and Go 2021 ). Harvesting fog water requires no ongoing energy supply making it ideal for isolated and rural communities, where water usage is relatively low (Domen et al 2014 ).…”

“…In desert ecosystems, both flora and fauna are dependent on fog (Mitchell et al 2020 ; Qiao et al 2020 ; Lehnert et al 2018 ). Even humans have started accumulating fog water with the help of a “fog catcher” in places that do neither receive ample precipitation nor have groundwater but are usually shrouded in dense fog almost throughout the year (Ismail and Go 2021 ; Qadir et al 2018 ). Domen et al ( 2014 ) have presented a very good review on models incorporated for determining the potential of a particular site, designing and various applications of fog harvesting.…”

Fog Harvesting Devices Inspired from Single to Multiple Creatures: Current Progress and Future Perspective

“…[24] The saturated water vapor will condense into small water droplets, and form a fog flow when the temperature decreases to a certain extent. [25,26] A fiber mesh based on textile weaving technology, called Raschel mesh, has been widely used in arid regions due to the low cost and simple fabrication, however, the single function greatly affects its fog harvesting efficiency. [27] Currently, a great deal of highly effective fog harvesting methods based on optimizing the physical structure of the fog harvesting devices (FHDs) has been reported, such as kirigami cutting, [28] electrospinning, [29] 3D printing, etc.…”

Policy interventions to address water security impacted by climate change: Adaptation strategies of three case studies across different geographic regions

“…Physical water scarcity can be seasonal; an estimated two-thirds of the world's population lives in locations where water scarcity occurs at least once a year. As the world's population grows and weather patterns become more unpredictable and intense, the number of people affected by physical water scarcity is likely to rise (Ismail and Go, 2021;Petruzzello, 2021).…”