Fog precipitation on the Island of Madeira (Portugal)

Prada, Susana; Silva, Manuel Oliveira da

doi:10.1007/s002540100403

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…This elevation threshold depends on many climatic factors and is regionally, locally and seasonably variable. Notwithstanding these variations, it is typically located around 600-800 m in elevation (Garrett, 1980;Giambelluca and Nullet, 1991;Barcelo and Coudray, 1996;Prada and da Silva, 2001;García-Santos et al, 2004;Cao et al, 2007;Smith et al, 2009). For islands with peaks above the trade wind inversion (frequently at 2000-2500 m in tropical and subtropical regions and usually lower at higher latitudes), maximum rainfall occurs on the windward slopes; conversely, for islands with mountaintops below the trade wind inversion (but above the lifting condensation level), maximum rainfall occurs on the mountaintops and rainfall is less asymmetrically distributed (Barcelo and Coudray, 1996;Yang and Chen, 2008).…”

Section: The Windward/leeward Asymmetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal evolution on volcanic oceanic islands: A complex interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea-level change and biogenic production

Ramalho¹,

Quartau

Trenhaile

et al. 2013

Earth-Science Reviews

153

147

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The growth and decay of oceanic hotspot volcanoes are intrinsically related to a competition between volcanic construction and erosive destruction, and coastlines are at the forefront of such confrontation. In this paper, we review the several mechanisms that interact and contribute to the development of coastlines on oceanic island volcanoes, and how these processes evolve throughout the islands' lifetime. Volcanic constructional processes dominate during the emergent island and subaerial shield-building stages. During the emergent island stage, surtseyan activity prevails and hydroclastic and pyroclastic structures form; these structures are generally ephemeral because they can be rapidly obliterated by marine erosion. With the onset of the subaerial shield-building stage, coastal evolution is essentially characterized by rapid but intermittent lateral growth through the formation of lava deltas, largely expanding the coastlines until they, typically, reach their maximum extension. With the post-shield quiescence in volcanic activity, destructive processes gradually take over and coastlines retreat, adopting a more prominent profile; mass wasting and marine and fluvial erosion reshape the landscape and, if conditions are favorable, biogenic processes assume a prominent role. Posterosional volcanic activity may temporarily reverse the balance by renewing coastline expansion, but islands inexorably enter in a long battle for survival above sea level. Reef growth and/or uplift may also prolong the island's lifetime above the waves. The ultimate fate of most islands, however, is to be drowned through subsidence and/or truncation by marine erosion.Keywords complex, interplay, between, volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea, level, islands, change, coastal, biogenic, production, oceanic, evolution, volcanic, GeoQuest Disciplines Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication DetailsRamalho, R. S., Quartau, R., Trenhaile, A. S., Mitchell, N. C., Woodroffe, C. D. & Avila, S. P. (2013). Coastal evolution on volcanic oceanic islands: a complex interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sealevel change and biogenic production. Earth-Science Reviews, 127 140-170. AbstractThe growth and decay of oceanic hotspot volcanoes are intrinsically related to a competition between volcanic construction and erosive destruction, and coastlines are at the forefront of such confrontation. In this paper, we review the several mechanisms that interact and contribute to the development of coastlines on oceanic island volcanoes, and how these processes evolve throughout the islands' lifetime. Volcanic constructional processes dominate during the emergent island and subaerial shield-building stages. During the emergent island stage, surtseyan activity prevails and hydroclastic and pyroclastic structures form; these structures are generally ephemeral because they can be rapidly obliterated by marine erosion. With the onset of the subaerial shield-building stage, coastal evolution is essentially ch...

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Section: The Windward/leeward Asymmetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal evolution on volcanic oceanic islands: A complex interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea-level change and biogenic production

Ramalho¹,

Quartau

Trenhaile

et al. 2013

Earth-Science Reviews

153

147

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“…Madeira is the largest island of the archipelago with an area of approximately 740 km 2 , a length of 58 km and 23 km width. Centered at 32 • 75 N and 17 • 00 W, the mountainous island is completely formed by volcanic materials, consisting of an enormous east-west oriented mass that is cut by deep valleys (Prada and Silva, 2001). The island has a mountain ridge that extends mainly along the central part of the island with the highest peaks in the eastern part, Pico Ruivo (1862 m) and Pico do Areeiro (1818 m), while the Paúl da Serra region (above 1400 m) is located in the western part.…”

Section: F T Couto Et Al: Analysis Of Intense Rainfall Events On Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of intense rainfall events on Madeira Island during the 2009/2010 winter

Couto¹,

Salgado

Costa

2012

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. This paper constitutes a step towards the understanding of some characteristics associated with high rainfall amounts and flooding on Madeira Island. The high precipitation events that occurred during the winter of 2009/2010 have been considered with three main goals: to analyze the main atmospheric characteristics associated with the events; to expand the understanding of the interaction between the island and the atmospheric circulations, mainly the effects of the island on the generation or intensification of orographic precipitation; and to evaluate the performance of high resolution numerical modeling in simulating and forecasting heavy precipitation events over the island. The MESO-NH model with a horizontal resolution of 1 km is used, as well as rain gauge data, synoptic charts and measurements of precipitable water obtained from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS). The results confirm the influence of the orographic effects on precipitation over Madeira as well as the tropical-extratropical interaction, since atmospheric rivers were detected in six out of the seven cases analyzed, acting as a low level moisture supplier, which together with the orographic lifting induced the high rainfall amounts. Only in one of the cases the presence of a low pressure system was identified over the archipelago.

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“…(2b), underestimate the true recharges if fog drip is an important source. As measured by Prada (2000) and Prada and Silva (2001), overcast at altitudes from 600 -800 to 1600 m produces an abundant fog drip. Most of the spring sites in the present study (75%) are located at those altitudes, meaning that a complementary method such as the balance of chlorides is needed to estimate recharge.…”

Section: Hydrologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2g), [Cl 2 ] f is the chloride content of fogcondensed water and a ¼ F=P: Table 1 Compositions and average abundances (in vol.%) of major rock-forming minerals in the geological complexes B1 -B5 (Fig. 2) (Prada and Silva, 2001), which can be used as a reference value for spring sites located at an altitude around 1600 m.…”

Section: Hydrologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In either case the equations do not encompass the contributions of fog drip and mist precipitation (Silva, 1988), so they underestimate the total flux of precipitation. For example, in a study lasting for two consecutive years and using standard fog collectors, Prada and Silva (2001) reported an occult precipitation of 5000 mm/y in a site at 1560 m of altitude (Bica da Cana, eastern Paúl da Serra; Fig. 1) a value that is 1.85 times higher than the corresponding P; that in another site at 1183 m the daily productions are 70% lower, and that in vegetated areas the ratios between fog drip and P tend to be the highest.…”

Section: Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrochemistry, weathering and weathering rates on Madeira island

Weijden

Pacheco

2003

Journal of Hydrology

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Madeira island consists of Miocene to Pleistocene lavas and pyroclasts. Major rock types are alkali-basalts, basanites and hawaiites; principal soil types are leptosols, andosols and cambisols. Our main objective was to link the chemistry of ground waters to weathering reactions and rates. We collected 40 shallow groundwater samples, remote from human activities. With a few exceptions, the ranges of electrical conductivities were 29 -176 mS/cm and of pH 5.8-8.5. The calculated P CO 2 was generally higher than the atmospheric value. The contribution of sea salt to the water chemistry was 30^9%. Corrected for sea salt, the cation concentrations (in meq/l) decrease in the order CaThe concentrations of SO 4 22 and NO 3 2 are very low. We calculated that the total annual chemical denudation rate in the studied area amounts to 37^12 g/m 2 , consuming 0.86^0.38 mol CO 2 /m 2 . To achieve our main objective, a set of mole balance equations-ðAX ¼ BÞ-was used, where A is a composite matrix of coefficients, including ratios between stoichiometric coefficients as determined by the weathering reactions and coefficients accounting for unconstrained contributions, B is the vector with a water composition, and X is the set of mole fractions of dissolved primary minerals plus the residual concentrations of the unconstrained contributions. Olivine (Ol), pyroxene (Py) and plagioclase (Pl) were considered to be the major primary minerals, and smectite, vermiculite, halloysite, allophane, gibbsite and hematite the secondary minerals in the weathering reactions. Using iterative procedures, whereby mixtures of secondary products as well as the composition of plagioclase are allowed to change, we selected one best-fit set of weathering reactions for each spring by checking all possible solutions of the mole balances against predefined boundary conditions. At odds with Goldich (1938) sequence, our model results indicate-for most best -fit sets-a weathering rate sequence of Pl . Ol . Py, but such reverse order is not unique. On average, the annual weathering rates (in mol/(ha y vol% mineral)) are 44^19 (Pl), 29^14 (Ol) and 22^13 (Py). q

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Fog precipitation on the Island of Madeira (Portugal)

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Coastal evolution on volcanic oceanic islands: A complex interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea-level change and biogenic production

Coastal evolution on volcanic oceanic islands: A complex interplay between volcanism, erosion, sedimentation, sea-level change and biogenic production

Analysis of intense rainfall events on Madeira Island during the 2009/2010 winter

Hydrochemistry, weathering and weathering rates on Madeira island

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