Fog-based healthcare systems: A systematic review

Abstract

The healthcare system aims to provide a reliable and organized solution to enhance the health of human society. Studying the history of patients can help physicians to consider patients’ needs in healthcare system designing and offering service, which leads to an increase in patient satisfaction. Therefore, healthcare is becoming a growing contesting market. With this significant growth in healthcare systems, such challenges as huge data volume, response time, latency, and security vulnerability are raised. Therefore, fog computing, as a well-known distributed architecture, could help to solve such challenges. In fog computing architecture, processing components are placed between the end devices and cloud components, and they execute applications. This architecture is suitable for such applications as healthcare systems that need a real-time response and low latency. In this paper, a systematic review of available approaches in the field of fog-based healthcare systems is proposed; the challenges of its application in healthcare are explored, classified, and discussed. First, the fog computing approaches in healthcare are categorized into three main classes: communication, application, and resource/service. Then, they are discussed and compared based on their tools, evaluation methods, and evaluation metrics. Finally, based on observations, some open issues and challenges are highlighted for further studies in fog-based healthcare.

Security and Privacy of Wearable Wireless Sensors in Healthcare: A Systematic Review

“…Previous studies provide solutions to handle data safely. However, they do not explain how to conduct extensive data in remote sharing [35,58,60,64,88].…”

“…Secondary healthcare is not able to maintain de-facto standard. [60] Fog computing applications and challenges in healthcare are discussed.…”

Digital health—high tech or high touch?

“…The idea of Health 4.0 builds on and leverages technologies such as artificial intelligence, gene editing, advanced robotics, quantum computing, an increasing interconnectivity between machines enabling smart automation, the emergence of the internet of things, ultrafast wireless internet, and augmented reality to provide a better, more efficient, and cost-effective healthcare for all [ 66 ]. It may integrate the internet of health things [ 67 ], medical cyber-physical systems [ 68 ], health cloud, and health fog [ 69 ], and combine big data analytics with machine learning, smart algorithms, and blockchain [ 70 ]. Six design principles have been described [ 70 ]: interoperability, virtualization, decentralization, real-time capabilities, service orientation, and modularity.…”

Security analysis of fog computing environment for ensuring the security and privacy of information

“…Various attacker scenarios can cripple the fog's application architecture without a technical base of confidence that would allow those attackers to seize control. Hence, more risky problems with safety and trust have emerged due to the fog's emergence 12 . A common attack in fog computing termed man‐in‐the‐middle is considered as one of the potential attack that captures the confidential information by intercepting the communication.…”

“…Hence, more risky problems with safety and trust have emerged due to the fog's emergence. 12 A common attack in fog computing termed man-in-the-middle is considered as one of the potential attack that captures the confidential information by intercepting the communication.…”