Focused ultrasound solid–liquid extraction for the determination of perfluorinated compounds in fish, vegetables and amended soil

Enrichment of perfluorinated alkyl substances on polyethersulfone using 1-methylpyperidine as ion-pair reagent for the clean-up of carrot and amended soil extracts

“…Extraction was carried out under conditions optimized in a previous work [29]. 0.5 g of sample was placed together with 7 mL of an ACN: Milli-Q water (9:1, v/v) mixture in a 50 mL vessel and surrogate standards (MPFHxS, MPFOS, MPFBA, MPFHxA, MPFOA, MPFNA, MPFDA, MPFUnDA and MPFDoDA) were added (20 μL of a 0.5 ng μL À 1 solution).…”

“…Alkaline digestion [26], acid digestion [27], ion-pair extraction [28], solvent extraction [19], pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) [17], focused ultrasound solid-liquid extraction (FUSLE) [29,30] and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) [18] are the most commonly used extraction techniques for the PFAS analysis in solid matrices.…”

Quantitative profiling of perfluoroalkyl substances by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

“…However, the analyte concentration must be at least of several hundreds of nanograms per milliliter. For environmental matrices where PFASs are found at trace levels (a few nanograms per liter or per gram), LC-MS/MS is the preferred technique owing to is high sensitivity in comparison with accurate mass techniques [14,17,18,21]. The problem of target screening is that a number of related compounds remain undetected in the sample just because they were not selected a priori as the analyte [24].…”

“…Triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (QqQ-MS/ MS) in multiple selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode is predominant owing to its selectivity and sensitivity [14,19,20]. However, high resolution mass spectrometers, such as time-of-flight (TOF), Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR), or Orbitrap can also be used and have the ability to allow post-target and non-target screening [24,25].…”

“…PFOS and its salts were added to Annex B of the Stockholm Convention as new persistent organic pollutants [6] and the European Commission also prohibited their general use [7] and proposed maximum allowable concentrations in inland surfaces [8]. Concern about PFASs in the environment has increased since PFOS and related compounds were detected in blood plasma of non-occupationally exposed humans and in animal tissues [9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Recurring news appears periodically highlighting high levels of these compounds in water from impacted areas [16][17][18][19][20].…”