Focus on Skin as a Possible Port of Entry for Solid Nanoparticles and the Toxicological Impact

Smijs, Threes G. M.; Bouwstra, Joke A.

doi:10.1166/jbn.2010.1146

Cited by 69 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…Minoxidil loaded in chitosan nanoparticle [32] for example has been utilized to achieve sustain drug release about twice more than previous studies using microparticles [16]. In addition, nanoparticles have shown the potential for delivering drugs via the follicles [17,18]. The particles can aggregate in the follicular opening and penetrate along the follicular duct when nanoparticles containing active ingredients are applied onto the skin surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Assembled Chitosan Nanoparticles for Percutaneous Delivery of Caffeine: Preparation, Characterization and in Vitro Release Studies

et al. 2018

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Objective: Chitosan (CS)-tripolyphosphate (TPP)-nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively studied during the past few decades due to their wellrecognized applicability in various fields. The present study attempts to optimise the development of these nanoparticles to enhance the percutaneous delivery of caffeine.Methods: CS-TPP-NPs were prepared via ionic cross-linking of CS and TPP and were characterized. The influence of several formulation conditions (CS: TPP mass ratio and concentration of caffeine) and process parameters (stirring speed, stirring time and ultra-sonication time) on the colloidal characteristics of CS-TPP-NPs were investigated and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Physicochemical properties, including particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index (PDI) were examined, and in vitro release studies were conducted to ascertain the release profile of caffeine from the nanoparticles. In addition, the colloidal stability of the prepared NPs was also assessed on storage.Results: Process parameters appeared to exert a significant effect on the physicochemical characteristics of the CS-TPP-NPs. The CS-TPP-NPs prepared under optimum conditions (CS concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, CS: TPP volume ratio of 25:12 ml, stirred at 700 rpm for 60 min, with 0.97 mg/ml caffeine concentration and treatment with low ultra-sonication for 30 min) had shown a mean particle size of ~143.43±1.69 nm, zeta potential of+43.13±1.10 mV, PDI of ~0.30±0.01. A drug loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of 48.89% and 60.69%, respectively, were obtained. Cumulative release study for drug-loaded CS-NPs was significantly (p<0.001, paired t-test) higher (58.7% caffeine released) compared to control formulation (41.5% caffeine released) after 72 h. Stability studies conducted for 28 d showed that caffeine-loaded CS-NPs degraded much quicker when stored at 25 ⁰C than 4 ⁰C. It was also noted that caffeine-loaded CS-NPs in the freeze-dried form were unstable as the surface charge of nanoparticles dropped from positive zeta potential to-3.55 mV within 2 d at 4 ⁰C and at 25 ⁰C, surface charge dropped to-3.16 mV within 14 d of the experiment. Conclusion:Chitosan (CS)-tripolyphosphate (TPP)-nanoparticles (NPs) appear to be a promising strategy to achieve sustained percutaneous delivery of caffeine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Assembled Chitosan Nanoparticles for Percutaneous Delivery of Caffeine: Preparation, Characterization and in Vitro Release Studies

et al. 2018

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“…(c) Other organ system toxicity. Following dermal exposure in experimental models, ENM have been predominantly localized in the outer stratum corneum, with some studies reporting penetration into the deeper stratum corneum, the epidermis, and deeper hair follicles (31). Penetration might be enhanced in damaged skin, or at regions of skin subject to repeated flexion (32).…”

Section: Potential Health Effects Of Enmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineered Nanomaterials

Kosnett¹,

Woskie²

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) represent an emerging technology with a wide range of industrial and medical applications. The toxicity of nanomaterials may vary considerably depending on numerous variables, including but not limited to composition (including impurities), size, shape, charge, aggregation status, solubility, and surface characteristics. Although this poses a challenge to the development of occupational exposure limits (OELs), some OELs have recently been proposed for selected ENMs. Based on animal data and findings associated with ambient nanoparticulates, health concerns for ENMs have focused on cardiovascular and pulmonary endpoints. The potential for exposure to ENMs can occur across the lifecycle. A precautionary approach that focuses on prevention of potential exposures and toxicity evaluation aimed at the sustainable production of these potentially valuable new products is recommended. Although there is no consensus on the value of instituting routine medical surveillance targeted to workers with potential exposure to nanomaterials, the potential utility of nanomaterial worker exposure registries has received increasing attention.

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“…In contrast, the knowledge about their potential harmful effect is still under investigation. As the outer barrier of the body, the skin plays an important role in the nanoparticle penetration and they have been found in different depths and locations in the skin (Smijs & Bouwstra, 2010). The nanoparticles interact with the skin cells and may cause cytotoxicity or undesired immune responses, but the results are often contradicting.…”

Section: Skin Barrier Function Irritancy and Toxicity Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%