Focal Nodular Hyperplasia of the Liver Associated With High-Dosage Estrogens

Aldinger, Keith A.; Ben‐Menachem, Yoram; Whalen, George E.

doi:10.1001/archinte.1977.03630150057016

Cited by 36 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Estrogen administration to reproductive age women for contraception has demonstrated dose-dependent relationships to venous thromboembolytic disease, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, stroke (43), and adverse liver effects (44,45). A synergistic risk was seen in women who smoke, are over 35 yr of age, or have other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (46,47).…”

Section: Effects Of Sexual Hormonal Treatment In M3 F Transsexual Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual People: A Review of Treatment Regimens, Outcomes, and Adverse Effects

Moore¹,

Wisniewski²,

Dobs³

2003

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

271

231

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Cross-sex hormone treatment is an important component in medical treatment of transsexual people. Endocrinologists are often faced with designing treatment recommendations. Although guidelines from organizations, such as the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, have been helpful, management remains complex and experience guided. We discuss the range of treatment used by transsexual people, the rationale behind these, and the expectation from such treatment. Recommendations from seven clinical research centers treating transsexual people are discussed. In addition, self-reported hormonal regimens from 25 male-to-female transsexual people and five female-to-male transsexual people are reported. Finally, the potential adverse effects of cross-sex hormone treatment of transsexual people are reviewed. In light of the complexity of managing treatment goals and adverse effects, the active involvement of a medical doctor experienced in cross-sex hormonal therapy is vital to ensure the safety of transsexual people.

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Section: Effects Of Sexual Hormonal Treatment In M3 F Transsexual Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual People: A Review of Treatment Regimens, Outcomes, and Adverse Effects

Moore¹,

Wisniewski²,

Dobs³

2003

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

271

231

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“…17 It has also been reported that regression of FNH can occur after withdrawal of the OC pill. [16][17][18] However, there were some conflicting reports that neither the size nor the number of FNH lesions were influenced by OC use 5,6 and that pregnancy was also not associated with FNH changes or complications. 19 Therefore, the relation between low-dose estrogen and FNH remains controversial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous regression of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver

Ohmoto

Honda

Hirokawa

et al. 2002

Journal of Gastroenterology

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Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver is a rare benign lesion that probably reflects a local hyperplastic response of hepatocytes to a vascular abnormality. Currently, the natural history of the disease remains largely unknown. We present a patient with FNH of the liver who was followed up for 4 years. A 22-year-old woman with a 3-year history of oral contraceptive use was referred to our hospital in September 1996 for further examination of a liver tumor. A diagnosis of FNH was made using various imaging methods, such as ultrasonography, enhanced computed tomography (CT) scanning, MR imaging, and hepatic angiography, as well as fine-needle biopsy. A decrease in the size of the lesion was observed by enhanced CT scanning during the 4-year observation period. In this patient, oral contraceptive use and its discontinuation may have influenced the natural history of FNH. The present case suggests that an accurate diagnosis is of the utmost importance, and a patient with FNH should be managed conservatively rather than by resection, because FNH has the potential for spontaneous regression with the discontinuation of oral contraceptives.

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“…Other tests to be monitored include liver function tests and lipid panels. Recommendations for monitoring liver function tests 16,25 are largely based on older studies using high-dose oral contraceptives 26,27 and ethinyl estradiol. 28 Because estrogens can increase triglycerides, lipid panels should be followed.…”

Section: Laboratory Tests To Monitor In Transwomenmentioning

confidence: 99%