Foamy virus infection in primates

Murray, Shannon Marie; Linial, Maxine L.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00171.x

Cited by 72 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…They are highly prevalent in several animal species, particularly in nonhuman primates (NHPs), in which they establish persistent infections (19), with the documented level of infection being 75 to 100% of captive adult NHPs. Most of the captive animals examined have been macaques and baboons (3,7).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The oral mucosa has been shown to be the main site of SFV replication in vivo, and saliva appears to be the principal reservoir of SFV (20). In NHPs, SFV is presumed to be transmitted mainly through severe bites, thus involving contact between infected saliva and blood (3,7,19). Other factors could play an important role in SFV transmission: for example, Leendertz et al demonstrated that SFV can be transmitted to chimpanzees after the consumption of smaller NHPs, such as colobus monkeys (16).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cross-Species Transmission of Simian Foamy Virus to Humans in Rural Gabon, Central Africa

Mouinga‐Ondémé

Caron

Nkoghe

et al. 2012

J Virol

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In order to characterize simian foamy retroviruses (SFVs) in wild-born nonhuman primates (NHPs) in Gabon and to investigate cross-species transmission to humans, we obtained 497 NHP samples, composed of 286 blood and 211 tissue (bush meat) samples. Anti-SFV antibodies were found in 31 of 286 plasma samples (10.5%). The integrase gene sequence was found in 38/497 samples, including both blood and tissue samples, with novel SFVs in several Cercopithecus species. Of the 78 humans, mostly hunters, who had been bitten or scratched by NHPs, 19 were SFV seropositive, with 15 cases confirmed by PCR. All but one were infected with ape SFV. We thus found novel SFV strains in NHPs in Gabon and high cross-species transmission of SFVs from gorilla bites.

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Cross-Species Transmission of Simian Foamy Virus to Humans in Rural Gabon, Central Africa

Mouinga‐Ondémé

Caron

Nkoghe

et al. 2012

J Virol

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“…They are highly prevalent in nonhuman primates, with at least 16 different simian viral subtypes (6,19,49,51,52,69). FV are particularly well adapted to their natural hosts.…”

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Innate Sensing of Foamy Viruses by Human Hematopoietic Cells

Rua

Lepelley

Gessain

et al. 2012

J Virol

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“…They cause a persistent infection, but there are no known pathologies in natural or human hosts. 50,51 It has been suggested that SFVs have coevolved with their Old World primate hosts for over 30 million years, marking them as the oldest known RNA viruses in vertebrates. 52 A3 proteins have been implicated in restriction of FVs, and the FV accessory protein Bet has been found to counteract A3 restriction mechanisms analogously to HIV-1 Vif.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Biological "Arms Race": APOBEC3F Diversity and its Influence on Lentiviral Resistance

Tank¹

2015

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restriction factors are implicated in long-term evolutionary "arms races," in which viral antagonists drive the evolution of host proteins, and vice versa. consequently, restriction factors are remarkably variable, displaying polymorphism within species and divergence between species as a result of positive selection. this paper investigates diversity in the apobec3f (a3f) restriction factors of old world primates in order to determine whether they display evidence of involvement in an evolutionary "arms race." we speculated that genetic variability in a3f could reflect evolutionary conflict with the vif proteins of primate lentiviruses, which are known to enhance viral replication by binding and degrading host a3 proteins. a3fs of several old world primate species were genotyped, and the sequences revealed both intra-species diversity and inter-species divergence. representative rhesus macaque (macaca mulatta) sequences were cloned and tested for sensitivity to vifs from various simian immunodeficiency viruses (sivs). evolution of a3f in the rhesus lineage is not due to selection by sivs, but may reflect antagonism by another retrovirus. 1 The causative agent was soon discovered to be a lentivirus, classified as Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1).2,3 HIV-1 and its close relative HIV Type 2 (HIV-2) arose in human populations as a result of cross-species transmission events from natural simian hosts of the Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses (SIVs). The closest simian relative of HIV-1 is the strain naturally infecting chimpanzees (SIVcpz), 4 while the closest simian relative of HIV-2 is the strain naturally infecting sooty mangabeys (SIVsm).5 Over 40 species-specific SIVs have since been identified in nonhuman primate species. A fraction of these infections result in immunodeficiency in the host species, while most are nonpathogenic in their natural hosts. 6 The SIV of a given primate species cannot readily infect a different species without undergoing numerous adaptations. Part of this adaptation process involves evading host antiviral proteins known as restriction factors. Restriction factors are host proteins that utilize numerous mechanisms to interfere with viral infections as part of the innate immune response. Some interact directly with viral factors, while others make the cellular environment unsuitable for sustained viral replication.7 These defensive genes are subject to relatively rapid evolution under the selective pressure of viral counter-restriction mechanisms, and variants that confer greater fitness to the host during a viral outbreak will become fixed in a population much faster than would normally be expected as a result of genetic drift alone. The virus, in turn, can adapt to infect the host carrying these more fit alleles, creating a new selective pressure on the host. Thus, over evolutionary time, a comparatively large number of non-synonymous, or protein-altering, mutations will be evident in genes that have participated in these virus-host "arms races." 8 Genes can be examined for e...

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Foamy virus infection in primates

Cited by 72 publications

References 95 publications

Cross-Species Transmission of Simian Foamy Virus to Humans in Rural Gabon, Central Africa

Cross-Species Transmission of Simian Foamy Virus to Humans in Rural Gabon, Central Africa

Innate Sensing of Foamy Viruses by Human Hematopoietic Cells

A Biological "Arms Race": APOBEC3F Diversity and its Influence on Lentiviral Resistance

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