Foaming of Thermoplastic Elastomers with Water

Sahnoune, A.

doi:10.1106/e7wd-x288-xfk7-6e90

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, attempts to foam pure PE or PP with water were unsuccessful. Sahnoune 21 and Snyder 22 describe the use of water as a blowing agent for foaming TPEs. Matuana and Mengeloglou 23 used moisture as a foaming agent in the manufacture of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/wood-flour composite foams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical processing temperature in the manufacture of fine‐celled plastic/wood‐fiber composite foams

Guo

Rizvi

Park

et al. 2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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ABSTRACT:The main benefits of incorporating wood fibers (WF) in plastics are the increased stiffness and lowered cost of the resulting composites. However, these improvements are usually accompanied by a reduction in the ductility and impact resistance. These shortcomings can be removed by effectively foaming and incorporating a finecelled structure in these composites. The volatiles released from WF during processing are known to deteriorate the cell structure. The maximum processing temperature, which affects the amount of volatiles released by the WF during extrusion of fine-celled plastic/WF composite, affects the cell morphology. This study was undertaken to identify the critical temperature above which the cellular structure of WF composite foams is significantly deteriorated. To clearly identify the effects of the volatiles generated from WF on the cellular morphology, neither a chemical blowing agent nor a physical blowing agent was used in the foam processing. The experimental results show that regardless of the drying method, the highest processing temperature of plastic/WF composites should be minimized, preferably below 170°C, to avoid the adverse effects of the volatiles generated from the WF during processing. A method of estimating the emissions from WF during extrusion processing by using the TGA data is also proposed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical processing temperature in the manufacture of fine‐celled plastic/wood‐fiber composite foams

Guo

Rizvi

Park

et al. 2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Cells are more closed at high screw speeds, which implicate shorter residence time in the die and this factor accelerates the freezing of cell structure. Furthermore, the competition between cell nucleation and cell growth exists so that a large part of gas is used for nucleation instead of growth when a large number of nuclei are created at a high screw speed which is corresponding to a high pressure drop [14,38]. As seen in Table 5, higher screw speed gave the foam lower void fraction, smaller average cell size and higher cell density.…”

Section: Effect Of Screw Speed On the Cell Morphologymentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Dutta and Cakmak [13] studied foaming of PP/ EPDM blends using chemical blowing agents. Sahnoune [14] and Snyder [15] described the usage of water as a blowing agent for foaming TPEs. Kiatkamjornwong, Thinakorn, and Tosa [16] studied the effect of natural rubber (NR) concentration on foam structures and properties under various conditions for high density polyethylenenatural rubber blends and found that when the NR content was more than 30%, the cell shape distorted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of formulation and processing parameters on the morphology of extruded polypropylene‐(waste ground rubber tire powder) foams

Xin¹,

Zhang²,

Pal³

et al. 2009

Vinyl Additive Technology

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This paper presents an experimental study of the foaming behavior of polypropylene (PP)/(waste ground rubber tire powder) (WGRT) blends when using a chemical blowing agent in an extrusion foaming process. The effects of formulations (i.e., WGRT content, blowing agent content, compatibilizer) and the processing parameters (i.e., die temperature, screw speed) on the void fraction, average cell size, cell density, and cell morphology of the PP/WGRT foams were investigated. The blowing agent loading affected the cell structure of the foams and the average cell size, and the void fraction increased with increasing blowing agent loading. Both increasing the screw speed and decreasing the die temperature could establish a high pressure drop in the extruder die, and these were beneficial to the foaming extrusion. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECH-NOL., 15:266-274, 2009. ª

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“…It is difficult to dissolve a certain high amount of water into the polymer matrix, which is necessary for producing low‐density foams, under prevailing extrusion foaming conditions. If water is not completely dissolved in polymer matrix, the undissolved water droplets will lead to processing instability, non‐uniform cellular morphology, and severe foam shrinkage . To overcome this challenge, the idea of introducing “water carrier” was developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Preparation of Open‐Cell PP/TPS Blend Foams Using Water as a Blowing Agent

Bian

Han

et al. 2015

Macro Materials & Eng

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Extrusion foaming using water as a blowing agent offers a green process of preparing polymer foams. Due to the low water solubility of hydrophobic polymers such as polypropylene (PP), it is difficult to produce low-density foams of such pure polymers. In this study, starch was utilized as an effective water carrier and open-cell PP/ thermoplastic starch (TPS) blend foams with apparent density as low as 19.5 kg Á m À3 and open-cell content of 95.6% were successfully prepared. A possible expansion mechanism is also proposed to better understand the observed foaming behavior. The PP/TPS blend foams with low density and high open-cell content are found to be a promising candidate absorbent material for oil spill cleanup application.

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Foaming of Thermoplastic Elastomers with Water

Cited by 25 publications

References 7 publications

Critical processing temperature in the manufacture of fine‐celled plastic/wood‐fiber composite foams

Critical processing temperature in the manufacture of fine‐celled plastic/wood‐fiber composite foams

Effects of formulation and processing parameters on the morphology of extruded polypropylene‐(waste ground rubber tire powder) foams

Facile Preparation of Open‐Cell PP/TPS Blend Foams Using Water as a Blowing Agent

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