Fly switching by Asian elephants: tool use to control parasites

Hart, Benjamin L.; Hart, Lynette A.

doi:10.1006/anbe.1994.1209

Cited by 43 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The switch does, in fact, reduce the numbers of biting flies around them [18], and when the branch they find is too long or bushy, they modify it to a suitable size [19]. Fly switching by captive elephants, as in wild elephants, increases when flies are present and the behaviour significantly reduces the number of blood-sucking flies [18]. (Photo by the author.)…”

Section: Natural Defence Strategies In Animals Against Pathogens and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural defences in animals against pathogens and parasites: parallels with the pillars of medicine in humans

Hart

2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

Self Cite

157

139

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No other theme in animal biology seems to be more central than the concept of employing strategies to survive and successfully reproduce. In nature, controlling or avoiding pathogens and parasites is an essential fitness strategy because of the ever-present disease-causing organisms. The diseasecontrol strategies discussed here are: physical avoidance and removal of pathogens and parasites; quarantine or peripheralization of conspecifics that could be carrying potential pathogens; herbal medicine, animal style, to prevent or treat an infection; potentiation of the immune system; and care of sick or injured group members. These strategies are seen as also encompassing the pillars of human medicine: (i) quarantine; (ii) immune-boosting vaccinations; (iii) use of medicinal products; and (iv) caring or nursing. In contrast to animals, in humans, the disease-control strategies have been consolidated into a consistent and extensive medical system. A hypothesis that explains some of this difference between animals and humans is that humans are sick more often than animals. This increase in sickness in humans leading to an extensive, cognitively driven medical system is attributed to an evolutionary dietary transition from mostly natural vegetation to a meat-based diet, with an increase in health-eroding free radicals and a dietary reduction of free-radical-scavenging antioxidants.

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Section: Natural Defence Strategies In Animals Against Pathogens and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioural defences in animals against pathogens and parasites: parallels with the pillars of medicine in humans

Hart

2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

Self Cite

157

139

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“…Elefantes africanos e asiáticos (Loxodonta africana e Elephus maximus, respectivamente), tanto em cativeiro como em vida livre, foram observados utilizando ferramentas. As ferramentas utilizadas consistem principalmente de varetas para aumentar o alcance da tromba e arremesso de objetos (Chevalier--Skolnikoff & Liska, 1993;Hart & Hart 1994).…”

Section: Mamíferosunclassified

Uso de ferramentas por macacos-prego (Sapajus libidinosus) do parque nacional Serra da capivara - PI

Falótico¹

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E um agradecimento especial à Camila G. Coelho, que me acompanhou na minha jornada de ida ao Piauí, no início da pesquisa, e me ajudou na instalação inicial em São Raimundo Nonato. Aos meus amigos Marisa, Melissa, Ana Maria e José, que apesar da distância sempre estão em contato. Aos companheiros de pousada da FUMDHAM, da UNIVASF e de São Raimundo Nonato, pelo companheirismo e amizade: Rosa, Carol e Marcos. E sem esquecer a Reiza, que sempre cuidou de tudo na pousada. À Flavya Mendes de Almeida e ao Centro de Primatas Brasileiros, pelo apoio e auxílio quando os macacos estiveram doentes. Às agências de fomento -Fapesp (Processos 2006/07187--5 e 2006/07190--6), CNPq e Capes -pelo suporte financeiro.Ao IBAMA/Instituto Chico Mendes, pela autorização para a realização da pesquisa dentro do Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara.Ao Francisco "Chico" Reinaldo, meu assistente de campo (ou como ele prefere, mateiro), pela ajuda e apoio durante quase todo o período da coleta de dados e também antes e depois dela, sempre mandando notícias sobre os macacos e o parque. E também o George Reinaldo, que substituiu o pai como mateiro durante um breve período.Um agradecimento especial ao Mássimo Mannu (in memoriam), que me apresentou o Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara e os macacos--prego da área. Ele abriu caminho aos futuros primatólogos do nosso laboratório, mas infelizmente nos deixou antes de completar o seu trabalho.Por fim, agradeço aos macacos--prego, especialmente aqueles com os quais trabalhei no PET e do PNSC, que me pemitiram observá--los e aprender um pouco mais sobre suas vidas e comportamentos. Não há diferença fundamental entre o Homem e os animais nas suas faculdades mentais(...) Os animais, como o Homem, demonstram sentir prazer, dor, felicidade e sofrimento. ABSTRACT Falótico, T. (2011). Tool use by capuchin monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) of Serra da Capivara National Park. Doctoral Thesis, Institute of Psychology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo.Tool use by capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp) is currently known in many wild populations in Caatinga and Cerrado biomes. Previous studies in Serra da Capivara National Park -Piauí State (SCNP), showed that the "tool kit" of S. libidinosus in that area was much more diverse than in other populations. One possible explanation for these differences is the occurrence of traditional variations between these populations. The aim of this study was (1) to describe the tools used by two groups of capuchin monkeys in SCNP, their physical characteristics, frequencies of use and demographics within the groups, and to find correlations with physical factors of the environment, (2) search for evidence of socially mediated learning in these behaviors, and (3) determine the possible behavioral traditions of these groups. The tools used by groups Pedra Furada (PF) and Bocão (BC) were made from two materials, stones and sticks. The stones were used as "hammer" to break encapsulated fruits and seeds, "hammer" to loosen soil and dig, "hoe" to dig, "hammer" to pulverize pebbles and stone throwin...

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“…Elefantes já foram observados utilizando galhos para remover ectoparasitas, para alcançar fontes de alimento distantes e para limpar as orelhas (Chevalier-Skolnikoff & Liska, 1993;Hart & Hart, 1994). Toupeiras peladas (Heterocephalus glaber), que cavam e vivem em extensos túneis, utilizam pedaços de madeira ou de tubérculos entre os dentes incisivos e os lábios quando estão cavando, prevenindo assim a ingestão e o sufocamento pela terra (Shuster & Sherman, 1998).…”

Section: Uso De Ferramentasunclassified

Estudo experimental do uso de ferramentas para quebra de frutos encapsulados por macacos-prego (Cebus apella) em semi-liberdade

Falótico¹

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Fly switching by Asian elephants: tool use to control parasites

Cited by 43 publications

References 0 publications

Behavioural defences in animals against pathogens and parasites: parallels with the pillars of medicine in humans

Behavioural defences in animals against pathogens and parasites: parallels with the pillars of medicine in humans

Uso de ferramentas por macacos-prego (Sapajus libidinosus) do parque nacional Serra da capivara - PI

Estudo experimental do uso de ferramentas para quebra de frutos encapsulados por macacos-prego (Cebus apella) em semi-liberdade

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