Fly ash supported calcium oxide as recyclable solid base catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation reaction

Transesterification of soybean oil catalyzed by fly ash and egg shell derived solid catalysts

“…Fig. 1(a), (b) and (c) respectively; this corroborates exactly with the findings of Jain et al [24]. The formation of dicalcium silicate proceeds through the formation of dicalcium silicate hydrate (Ca 2 SiO 4 ·H 2 O) due to the reaction between main constituents of fly ash i.e.…”

“…The presence of high amount of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 prompts its potential applicability as a low-cost catalyst support. In a very recent publication, fly ash supported calcium oxide has been employed as a recyclable solid base catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation reaction [24]; however, the CaO was derived from reagent grade CaCO 3 which might increase the cost of catalyst preparation.…”

A review of the alumina recovery from coal fly ash, with a focus in China

“…For example, about 20% of the fly ash generated is being used in concrete production. Other uses include soil amelioration [4][5][6], ceramic industry [7][8][9], catalysis and support for catalysis [10][11][12][13], adsorbents for removal of various pollutants [14], depth separation [15][16][17], zeolite synthesis [18][19][20] and valuable metals recovery [21][22][23]. The global average utilization rate of fly ash is estimated to be nearly 25% [24].…”

A review on improvement of coal-fired power plants and environmental benefits of ash utilisation

“…For example, about 20% of the FA generated is being used in concrete production. Other uses include soil amelioration (Yao et al, 2014;Manoharan et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2006), ceramic industry (Yao et al, 2011;Erol et al, 2008), catalysis and support for catalysis (Saputra et al, 2012;Jain et al, 2010), adsorbents for removal of various pollutants (Wang and Wu, 2006), depth separation (Hirajima et al, 2010;Shoumkova, 2011), zeolite synthesis (Yao et al, 2013;Chareonpanich et al, 2004) and valuable metals recovery (Arroyo et al, 2011;Hernandez et al, 2006).…”