Fly ash mediated reactions of phenol and monochlorophenols: oxychlorination, deep oxidation, and condensation

Born, J.G.P.; Mulder, Peter; Louw, R.

doi:10.1021/es00046a013

Cited by 117 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 56 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…T 4 CDD to OCDD, T 4 CDF and OCDF were detected in the reference experiment in which only quartz grain was used as the additive, while OCDD and T 4 CDF were detected in the experiment of 5% CaO and only OCDD were detected in the experiment of 20% CaO. The conversion from CPs to PCDDs at about 300°C has been verified experimentally and the most abundant PCDD congeners have been obtained in the previous works (Born et al, 1993;Tuppurainen et al, 1998). These condensation reactions are postulated to take place via Smiles rearrangement with a dioxaspiro-type compound as an intermediate.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Research aimed at understanding the inhibition effect of CaO on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) formation form dioxins precursors, such as chlorophenols (CPs) and chlorobenzenes (CBs). The results indicated that a clear dioxin inhibition effect occurred both in open and sealed system when CaO was used. In the open system, PCDDs were the main congeners and the inhibition efficiency was all over 99% in the experiments. In the experiments with CaO, less than 0.1% of the initial PCP was detected in the absorption tube and only about 1% of the initial PCP was examined as calcium pentachlorophenate in the reaction tube. In the sealed system, the inhibition efficiency was over 90% at temperature range between 280 and 450°C when PCP was used as model precursor. When HCB and 2,3,4,5-T 4 CP replaced PCP, significant inhibition effect was also observed. As CaO has the advantageous properties of non-toxicity and non-volatile nature, it is our hope that the result will contribute to the development of a new technique to cope with the problem of dioxin pollution in MWIs.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Inhibition of PCDD/Fs formation from dioxin precursors by calcium oxide

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Fly ash contains all material that is required for reactions yielding PCDD/F: carbon [5], small organic compounds [6], metal ions [7] and inorganic chloride [8]. The macromolecular carbon structure on the fly ash surface is catalytically oxidized to a great range of compounds, including PCDD/F.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desorption behaviour of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans on a packed fly ash bed

1995

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Desorption behaviour of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans on a packed fly ash bed. Addink, R.; Govers, H.A.J.; Olie, K. Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Dechlorination/decomposition and desorption are competing processes. In this paper the desorption was studied: within PCDD/F homologues, all isomers desorb at an equal rate. Obviously, values of the activation energy of desorption from the fly ash surface (ACY~39S,d.) do not differ significantly between these isomers.

show abstract

“…The catalyst demonstrated high conversions of benzene (87 %) and toluene (93 %) (Khatri et al 2010). FA had also been used as the active component in the catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (Born et al 1993). In addition, acid activation of coal FA was performed to produce a nanocrystalline, solid acid catalyst for the esterification of salicylic acid with acetic anhydride and methanol to produce acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) and methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) in a single step without the need for solvents (Khatri and Rani 2008).…”

Section: Catalyst Constituentmentioning

confidence: 99%