Fly ash in concrete — a microstructure study

Sulphate attack and ettringite formation in the lime and cement stabilized marine clays

“…The activation of initial strength improvement in cement-stabilized materials, retardation of C 3 A hydration, ability to stabilize high water content soils and bind heavy metals have been established (Bogue and Lerch, 1934;Nurse, 1964;Montgomary et al, 1981;Kujala, 1986;Kamon et al, 1988;Kamon and Nontananandh, 1991;Abdi and Wild, 1993). The effective strength increase in a loam stabilized with NCS was observed due to the non-expansive type ettringite formation G. Rajasekaran / Ocean Engineering 32 (2005) 1133-1159 (Kamon and Nontananandh, 1991).…”

Assessing the effect of biomass ashes with different finenesses on the compressive strength of blended cement paste

“…The percentage compressive strength of paste due to the filler effect tended to increase with the amount of cement replacement and was approximately 2.2-5.1% of the strength of the OPC paste because the small particles dispersed into the blended cement paste and accelerated the hydration reaction. In addition, the packing effect occurred as the small particles filled the voids of the paste [16,18,27,28]. Therefore, the paste was more homogeneous and denser, which resulted in the increased compressive strength of the paste.…”

“…The filler effect has two causes, the nucleation effect and packing effect, which depend significantly on the fineness of material. The nucleation effect arises when the small particles are dispersed in the blended cement paste and enhance the cement hydrate while the packing effect occurs when small particles fill the voids of the paste [16,18,27,28]. Therefore, the blended cement paste containing biomass ash with high fineness was more homogeneous and denser, which increased the compressive strength of the paste.…”

Fly Ash Concrete for Highway Use

“…As the cement hydration proceeds, the original duplex film may densify and form shells around the fly ash grains [81,82].…”