Fluxes of Methane and Carbon Dioxide on eat-mining Areas in Sweden

Sundh, Ingvar; Nilsson, Mats; Mikkelä, Catharina; Granberg, Gunnar; Svensson, Bo

doi:10.1579/0044-7447-29.8.499

Cited by 67 publications

(60 citation statements)

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“…For example both Teh et al (2011) and Hyvönen et al (2013) found that ditch CO2 and N2O emissions were lower per unit surface area than from the terrestrial peat surface, for a drained intensive grassland and a former extraction site under a bioenergy crop, respectively. Sundh et al (2000) recorded similar aerial CO2 emissions from ditches and terrestrial areas across a range of active extraction sites, and Best and Jacobs (1997) measured lower emissions from ditches at grassland sites. Vermaat et al (2011) measured substantial CO2 emissions (circa 300 g C m -2 yr -1 ) from ditches in reed/sedge fen and low-intensity grassland, but slight net CO2 uptake by ditches in high-intensity grassland.…”

Section: On-site Emissions Of Other Ghgs From Drainage Channelsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Firstly, almost all studies where comparisons were made recorded higher CH4 emissions from drainage ditches than from adjacent peatlands (e.g. Roulet and Moore, 1995;Sundh et al, 2000;Minkinnen and Laine, 2006;Schrier-Uijl et al, 2010;Teh et al, 2011). In some cases ditches were found to act as the source of most or all CH4 emissions from the site.…”

Section: On-site Methane Emissions From Ditchesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of waterborne carbon in the greenhouse gas balance of drained and re-wetted peatlands

2015

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Article (refereed) -postprintEvans, Chris D.; Renou-Wilson, Flo; Strack, Maria. 2016. The role of waterborne carbon in the greenhouse gas balance of drained and rewetted peatlands [in special issue: Carbon cycling in aquatic ecosystems] Aquatic Sciences, 78 (3). 573-590. 10.1007/s00027-015-0447-y Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner.The role of waterborne carbon in the greenhouse gas balance of drained and re-wetted peatlands AbstractAccounting for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals in managed ecosystems has generally focused on direct land-atmosphere fluxes, but in peatlands a significant proportion of total carbon loss occurs via fluvial transport. This study considers the composition of this 'waterborne carbon' flux, its potential contribution to GHG emissions, and the extent to which it may change in response to land-management. The work describes, and builds on, a methodology to account for major components of these emissions developed for the 2013 Wetland Supplement of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. We identify two major components of GHG emissions from waterbodies draining organic soil: i) 'on site' emissions of methane (and to a lesser extent CO2) from drainage ditches located within the peatland; and ii) 'off site' emissions of CO2 resulting from downstream oxidation of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) within the aquatic system. Methane emissions from ditches were found to be large in many cases (mean 60 g CH4 m -2 yr -1 based on all reported values), countering the view that methane emissions cease following wetland drainage. Emissions were greatest from ditches in intensive agricultural peatlands, but data were sparse and showed high variability. For DOC, the magnitude of the natural flux varied strongly with latitude, from 5 g C m -2 yr -1 in northern boreal peatlands to 60 g C m -2 yr -1 in tropical peatlands. Available data suggest that DOC fluxes increase by around 60% following drainage, and that this increase may be reversed in the longer-term through re-wetting, although variability between studies was high, especially in relation to re-wetting response. Evidence regarding the fate of DOC is complex and inconclusive, but overall suggests that the majority of DOC exported from peatlands is converted to CO2 through photo-and/or bio-degradation in rivers, standing waters and oceans. The contribution of POC export to GHG emissions is even more uncertain, but we estimate that over half of exported POC may eventually be converted to CO2. Although POC fluxes are normally small, they can become very large when bare peat surfaces are exposed to fluvial erosion. Overall, we estimate that waterborne carbon emissions may contribute about 1 to 4 t CO2-eq ha -1 yr -1 of additional GHG emissions from drained peatlands. For a number of worked examples this repres...

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Section: On-site Emissions Of Other Ghgs From Drainage Channelsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: On-site Methane Emissions From Ditchesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of waterborne carbon in the greenhouse gas balance of drained and re-wetted peatlands

2015

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“…The 10th and 90th percentile are indicated by the bars, the 25th and 75th percentiles with the top and bottom of the box and the median value by the centre line. (Data for Canada and Fennoscandia taken from the following studies; Tuittila and Komulainen, 1995;Sundh et al, 2000;Waddington et al, 2002;Glatzel et al, 2003;McNeil and Waddington, 2003;Tuittila et al, 2004;Cleary et al, 2005;Alm et al, 2007a;Shurpali et al, 2008;Waddington et al, 2010;Järveoja et al, 2012;Mander et al, 2012;Salm et al, 2012;Strack et al, 2014. ) Where studies reported seasonal fluxes (typically May to October), these were converted to annual fluxes by assuming that 15 % of the flux occurs in the nongrowing season soil moisture (Lindsay et al, 2014.…”

Section: Effects Of Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

Derivation of greenhouse gas emission factors for peatlands managed for extraction in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom

Wilson¹,

Dixon

Artz

et al. 2015

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. Drained peatlands are significant hotspots of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and may also be more vulnerable to fire with its associated gaseous emissions. Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from peatlands managed for extraction are reported on an annual basis. However, the Tier 1 (default) emission factors (EFs) provided in the IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement for this land use category may not be representative in all cases and countries are encouraged to move to highertier reporting levels with reduced uncertainty levels based on country-or regional-specific data. In this study, we quantified (1) CO 2 -C emissions from nine peat extraction sites in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, which were initially disaggregated by land use type (industrial versus domestic peat extraction), and (2) a range of GHGs that are released to the atmosphere with the burning of peat. Drainagerelated methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions as well as CO 2 -C emissions associated with the off-site decomposition of horticultural peat were not included here. Our results show that net CO 2 -C emissions were strongly controlled by soil temperature at the industrial sites (bare peat) and by soil temperature and leaf area index at the vegetated domestic sites. Our derived EFs of 1.70 (±0.47) and 1.64 (±0.44) t CO 2 -C ha −1 yr −1 for the industrial and domestic sites respectively are considerably lower than the Tier 1 EF (2.8 ± 1.7 t CO 2 -C ha −1 yr −1 ) provided in the Wetlands Supplement. We propose that the difference between our derived values and the Wetlands Supplement value is due to differences in peat quality and, consequently, decomposition rates. Emissions from burning of the peat (g kg −1 dry fuel burned) were estimated to be approximately 1346 CO 2 , 8.35 methane (CH 4 ), 218 carbon monoxide (CO), 1.53 ethane (C 2 H 6 ), 1.74 ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), 0.60 methanol (CH 3 OH), 2.21 hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and 0.73 ammonia (NH 3 ), and this emphasises the importance of understanding the full suite of trace gas emissions from biomass burning. Our results highlight the importance of generating reliable Tier 2 values for different regions and land use categories. Furthermore, given that the IPCC Tier 1 EF was only based on 20 sites (all from Canada and Fennoscandia), we suggest that data from another 9 sites significantly expand the global data set, as well as adding a new region.

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“…Table 5 demonstrates why it is plausible that 100% of the peat's carbon may be released over the road's 120-year life cycle. According to this analysis, peat will have released all its carbon as CO 2 in 61 to 67 years at an emission rate of 20 tCO 2 eqha -1 yr -1 [26], or, as calculated similarly, in 123 to 134 years at an emission rate of 10 tCO 2 eqha -1 yr -1 , which is typical of a drained peatland [50].…”

Section: Direct Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An embodied carbon and embodied energy appraisal of a section of Irish motorway constructed in peatlands

Duggan

McCabe

Goggins

et al. 2015

Construction and Building Materials

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In addition to the customary drivers of cost and timely project delivery, embodied energy (EE) and embodied carbon (EC) have come to prominence in recent years as major design considerations in all aspects of large-scale road construction projects. An assessment of road construction necessitating the excavation or alteration of peat should consider the impact on carbon stored within the peat and the greenhouse gases potentially released. A methodology for calculating the environmental impact of constructing roads on peat is presented in this paper. Furthermore, the paper describes the application of this methodology (focusing on EE and EC calculations) to a case study; a section of the M6 motorway in Ireland for which excavate-and-replace was the ground improvement method (Scenario ER). A range of peatrelated factors impacting on EE and EC estimates were examined, including materials, transport and machinery, as well as more unfamiliar factors such as peat drainage, drainage systems, restoration, slope stability and clearance of vegetation/forest. Comparisons of total EC are investigated under various management practices and restoration techniques for peatlands, assessing their strength in terms of hydrology and carbon storage potential. The total EC and EE for road construction to the sub-base level (and implications thereof) of the 2.14 km section of the M6 discussed in this paper was 17220 tCO2eq (8047 tCO2eq/km) and 54541 GJ (25487 GJ/km) respectively, with carbon loss from excavated peat accounting for 62% of the total EC. Two other ground improvement method scenarios for constructing this section of road were also considered: Scenario S, soil-mixing and Scenario ER+P, an appropriate combination of excavate-and-replace and piling. Scenario S gave rise to a total EC of 25306 tCO2eq (11825 tCO2eq/km) and a total EE of 164364 GJ (76806 GJ/km) while Scenario ER+P gave rise to a total EC of 17048 tCO2eq (7966 tCO2eq/km) and a total EE of 92706 GJ (43320 GJ/km). In this study, Scenario ER was the preferred technique as it had EC comparable to Scenario ER+P and the lowest EE. On the other hand, Scenario S was the least favourable due to the high EC and EE of the binder. However, this paper shows that the EC and EE can be decreased dramatically by changing the binder proportions. Furthermore, the EC of Scenarios ER and ER+P can also be significantly reduced if alternative restoration techniques are employed for excavated peat.3

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Fluxes of Methane and Carbon Dioxide on eat-mining Areas in Sweden

Cited by 67 publications

References 0 publications

The role of waterborne carbon in the greenhouse gas balance of drained and re-wetted peatlands

The role of waterborne carbon in the greenhouse gas balance of drained and re-wetted peatlands

Derivation of greenhouse gas emission factors for peatlands managed for extraction in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom

An embodied carbon and embodied energy appraisal of a section of Irish motorway constructed in peatlands

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