Flux decline during ultrafiltration of kraft black liquor using different flow modules: a comparative study

Separation of ternary sodium chloride/Reactive Black-5 aqueous solutions using two different modules in a nanofiltration pilot plant

“…This figure reveals that increasing transmembrane pressure from 490 kPa to 686 and 980 kPa led to an increase in permeate flux both in flat sheet and spiral wound membrane and that the flux profiles were higher in values for higher operating pressures. At higher operating pressure the driving force across the membrane for solvent transport increases, leading to an enhancement of permeate flux , Satyanarayana et al 2000. In spiral wound membrane with 1,000 mg/L NaCl concentration, permeate flux at 490 kPa was estimated to be 9.78 9 10 -6 m 3 /m 2 s and this was enhanced to 14.75 9 10 -6 m 3 /m 2 s at 980 kPa.…”

“…This may be termed as longterm flux decline. Long-term decline may be caused due to the slow formation of a deposited layer above the membrane surface, which grows over time (Satyanarayana et al 2000). Flux decline F d , the irreversible fouling F irr , and the flux recovery F r , for HPA membrane were determined using Eqs.…”

DOEGO85004_1: Final Non-proprietary Technical Report, Generating Process and Economic Data for Preliminary Design of PureVision Biorefineries DOEGO85004_2: One Original Final Proprietary Technical Report to be mailed to DOE Golden.

“…MWCO) for lignin fractionation targets is not always obvious due, in part, to the heterogeneity of the lignin from different sources and the "cooking" process variables. In addition, the membrane process conditions, including the mass transfer boundary layer will make a difference (for example, 10,11,13,16). Among the differences between previous studies on CTM KBL filtration and this work is that our measurements were made at room temperature and the liquor is derived from corn stover.…”

“…There have been many recent studies [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] conducted on membrane separation processes to recover chemicals and water in the PPI, much like what is desired in a lignocellulosicbiorefinery. In addition, early PPI application research and commercial installations stretch back to the late 1960's and are quite comprehensively enumerated by Wallberg, Jönsson and coworkers, in ref.…”

Separation of metal ions by complexation-microfiltration process

“…Može se videti da se opseg apsorpcije karbonil grupe sa promenom pH vrednosti širi i pomera ka većim vrednostima (195)(196)(197)(198)(199)(200)(201)(202)(203)(204)(205)(206)(207)(208)(209)(210) Na osnovu spektara, može se zaključiti da anjoni takođe imaju veliki uticaj na proces kompleksiranja. U slučaju hlorida do najvećih strukturnih promena dolazi u kiseloj, a kod acetata u baznoj sredini.…”