Fluted and Basally Thinned Concave-Base Points of Obsidian in the Borden Collection from Inyo County, Alta California: Age and Significance

Moratto, Michael J.; Garfinkel, Alan P.; Erlandson, Jon M.; Rogers, Alexander K.; Rondeau, Michael F.; Rosenthal, Jeffrey S.; Skinner, Craig E.; Carpenter, Tim R.; Yohe, Robert M.

doi:10.1080/1947461x.2017.1391476

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Human occupation in the region began around the Pleistocene-Holocene transition, ca. 13,000 BP, by a sparse population of hunter-gatherers utilizing mostly small mammals, dryland seeds, and marshland plants as their food source [ 69 , 70 ; and references therein]. Seasonal migratory hunting-gathering prevailed as the dominant economic pattern in the region into the ethnographic period, supplemented by some small-scale agriculture beginning around 2000 BP [ 51 , 55 , 68 , and references therein].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical studies on rock varnish and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys, California

Alamri

Andreae

Garfinkel³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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We investigated rock varnish, a thin, manganese- and iron-rich, dark surface crust, on basaltic lava flows and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys (California) by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and femtosecond laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (fs-LA-ICPMS). The major element composition of the varnish was consistent with a mixture of Mn-Fe oxyhydroxides and clay minerals. As expected, it contained elevated concentrations of elements that are typically enriched in rock varnish, e.g., Mn, Pb, Ba, Ce, and Co, but also showed unusually high enrichments in U, Cu, and Th. The rare earth and yttrium (REY) enrichment pattern revealed a very strong positive cerium (Ce) anomaly and distinct negative europium (Eu) and Y anomalies. The light rare earth elements (REE) were much more strongly enriched than the heavy REY. These enrichment patterns are consistent with a formation mechanism by leaching of Mn and trace elements from aeolian dust, reprecipitation of Mn and Fe as oxyhydroxides, and scavenging of trace elements by these oxyhydroxides. We inferred accumulation rates of Mn and Fe in the varnish from their areal densities measured by pXRF and the known ages of some of the lava flow surfaces. The areal densities of Mn and Fe, as well as their accumulation rates, were comparable to our previous results from the desert of Saudi Arabia. There was a moderate dependence of the Mn areal density on the inclination of the rock surfaces, but no relationship to its cardinal orientation. We attempted to use the degree of varnish regrowth on the rock art surfaces as an estimate of their age. While an absolute dating of the petroglyphs was not possible because of the lack of suitable calibration surfaces and a considerable amount of variability, the measured degree of varnish regrowth on the various petroglyphs was consistent with chronologies based on archeological and other archaeometric techniques. In particular, our results suggest that rock art creation in the study area continued over an extended period of time, possibly starting around the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and extending into the last few centuries.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical studies on rock varnish and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys, California

Alamri

Andreae

Garfinkel³

et al. 2020

PLoS ONE

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“…Scheme1: PLA Structure design bottles with 45 angle: Structure design was carried out to achieve quality of design and production processes in terms of providing a comfortable working environment for users according to physical measurements of human body, ergonomic packaging. The structure design bottles with 45 angles (Easy Drink) in a way that improves users' neck uncomforting when drinking water, easy drinking, comfort for the vertebrae of the neck, and easy refilling of the bottle [20]. (Scheme 2).…”

Section: Packaging Materials (Pla)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Structural Design of 3D Printed Bottle Prototype using a PLA Based Eco-friendly Polymer Packaging Material

Fahmy

Ibrahim

2021

International Design Journal

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Packaging materials research areas have a great concerned to develop and create attractive packaging item with eco-friendly and health impact. There is still an urgent need to establish innovative design and production standards that attract the eyes of the consumer, and these standards must be cost-effective and for the production. So this study aims to ergonomic science applied to design comfortable packaging bottle with easy drinkable and handling easily and using future environmentally friendly materials in the world of packaging. 3D printing technology was used to produce three bottle designs with a 45ᵒ inclination angle produced from polylactic acid (PLA) filament as biodegradable and eco-friendly polymer. The 3D printed bottles are designed as a prototype for the consumer. Three PLA bottles were investigated as acceptable packaging materials with mechanical properties, overall migration and migrated toxic heavy metals detection. The samples were analyzed for heavy metal content per ASTM E1613-04 where overall migration was measured according to EC 2011/10. Tensile strength and elongation at break exhibited good physico-mechanical properties with for 43 MPa and 4.6 %, respectively as hard packaging item. The overall migration was acceptable according to EC 2011/10. In addition, migrated heavy metals detection shown tiny value as ≥ 0.3 ppm. Designing bottles were digitally printed to add a logo on bottle beside printed paper sticker. Moreover, statistical questionnaire scanning was shown a great acceptable percentage with more than 83% for designing, printing and easy use of produced bottles. 3D printing, ergonomic design and packaging materials research fields are combined to create sustainable packaging bottle for easy and health use.

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Obsidian studies in California archaeology

Hughes¹

2018

Quaternary International

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Fluted and Basally Thinned Concave-Base Points of Obsidian in the Borden Collection from Inyo County, Alta California: Age and Significance

Cited by 8 publications

References 34 publications

Geochemical studies on rock varnish and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys, California

Geochemical studies on rock varnish and petroglyphs in the Owens and Rose Valleys, California

The Structural Design of 3D Printed Bottle Prototype using a PLA Based Eco-friendly Polymer Packaging Material

Obsidian studies in California archaeology

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