Fluorophore Label-Free Light-up Near Infrared Deoxyribonucleic Acid Nanosensor for Monitoring Extracellular Potassium Levels

Abstract

Fluorescent DNA nanosensors have been widely used due to their unique advantages, among which the nearinfrared (NIR) imaging mode can provide deeper penetration depth and lower biological background for the nanosensors. However, efficient NIR quenchers require ingenious design, complex synthesis, and modification, which severely limit the development of NIR DNA nanosensors. Label-free strategies based on G-quadruplex (G4) and NIR G4 dyes were first introduced into in situ extracellular imaging, and a novel NIR sensing strategy for the specific detection of extracellular targets is proposed. The strategy avoids complex synthesis and site-specific modification by controlling the change of the NIR signal through the formation of a G4 nanostructure. A light-up NIR DNA nanosensor based on potassium ion (K + )-sensitive G4 chain PS2.M was constructed to verify the strategy. PS2.M forms a stable G4 nanostructure in the presence of K + and activates the NIR G4 dye CSTS, thus outputting NIR signals. The nanosensor can rapidly respond to K + with a linear range of 5−50 mM and has good resistance to interference. The nanosensor with cholesterol can provide feedback on the changes in extracellular K + concentration in many kinds of cells, serving as a potential tool for the study of diseases such as epilepsy and cancer, as well as the development of related drugs. The strategy can be potentially applied to the NIR detection of a variety of extracellular targets with the help of functional DNAs such as aptamer and DNAzyme.