Fluorine and white clover: Assessing fluorine's impact on Rhizobium leguminosarum

Abstract

The soil fluorine (F) concentration in New Zealand agricultural soils has increased with time as a direct result of the widespread application of phosphate fertilizer to land. Elevated soil F concentrations may potentially harm soil microorganisms, which are important for nutrient cycling and soil formation. Rhizobium leguminosarum is a N2–fixing soil bacterium that is a fundamental component in New Zealand legume‐based pastoral farming. Any impact of F on Rhizobium leguminosarum would have an adverse effect on New Zealand pasture production. In this study, F toxicity to Rhizobium leguminosarum was examined as a first step to develop F guideline values for New Zealand agricultural soils. Bottle‐based experiments were conducted to examine the effect of the F− ion on Rhizobium–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) symbiosis by observing nodule morphology and growth. Results indicate that the F− concentration that causes 10% inhibition of Rhizobium respiration (IC10) for F− toxicity to Rhizobium leguminosarum was >100 mg F− L−1. Significant morphological changes occurred when Rhizobium was exposed to F concentrations of 500 and 1000 mg L−1. Both light and transmission electron micrographs confirmed that the Rhizobium leguminosarum–white clover interaction was not influenced by F− concentrations >100 mg L−1. The toxic F− concentration for Rhizobium leguminosarum determined in this study is orders of magnitude higher than the F− concentration in New Zealand agriculture soils under “normal conditions.” There appears to be no indication of imminent risk of soil F to Rhizobium leguminosarum.