Fluorine

Hayes, Timothy S.; Miller, M. Michael; Orris, Greta J.; Piatak, Nadine M.

doi:10.3133/pp1802g

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Fluorite or fluorspar (CaF2), derived from hydrothermal deposits, is the only mineral mined as a commercial source of F (Hayes et al, 2017), with 6 Mt extracted globally in 2017, the bulk of this extraction being in China (63%) and Mexico (26%) (U.S. Geological Survey, 2018). A relatively minor source is also afforded by fluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6), which is a byproduct of the manufacture of phosphate fertiliser, via phosphoric acid, from F-containing apatite.…”

Section: Uses Of Fluorinementioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorine in the environment, a review of its sources and geochemistry

Fuge

2019

Applied Geochemistry

149

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While F is an essential constituent of some rock-forming minerals such as fluorite and apatite, its major occurrence in the lithosphere is within hydroxysilicate minerals where Foccupies OHlattice sites. The majority of the F occurring in the secondary environment derives from natural weathering processes with some soils derived from F-rich parent rocks containing over 1weight (wt) % F. Other natural sources of F are vulcanicity, wind-blown dust and a minor marine-derived component, with biomass burning, being in part natural, also a source. Several anthropogenic sources of environmental F have also been identified. Of the anthropogenic sources, the application of phosphate fertiliser, which probably adds over 2.3 Mt a-1 F to soils globally, represents the largest. While much of this is strongly retained in soils, some may be transferred to groundwater. In some abandoned mine sites in the UK where fluorite was associated with the mineralisation, soil F contents of up to 8 wt % have been recorded with plants growing on the sites containing up to 1wt % F. The rapid growth of urban areas in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh has resulted in an upsurge of brickmaking in Asia, with these 3 countries plus China accounting for over 75% of global brick production. As a result there is a large number of unregulated brick kilns which emit HF into the surrounding environment. Based on an annual global brick production of 1,500 billion and the F contents of brick clays, it is estimated that about 1.8 Mt a-1 F are released to the environment from brick manufacture. This suggests that brickmaking is the largest source of atmospheric F emissions dwarfing that of coal combustion, 0.2-0.3 Mt a-1 , phosphate fertiliser production, 0.07-0.10 Mt a-1 , aluminium smelting, 0.041 Mt a-1 , and even vulcanicity, 0.3-0.7 Mt a-1. However, it is apparent that atmospheric F emissions are not transported globally and as such their effects are manifested only in the local environment. Emissions from industry sited close to urban centres can impact these environments together with domestic coal combustion and the release of F from high octane fuels in motor vehicles. A more recent source of F in the environment stems from the large number of fluorocarbon compounds in everyday use. Degradation of some of these fluorocarbon compounds together with pyrolysis of fluoropolymers and burning of household refuse has resulted in the deposition of organofluorine compounds such trifluoroacetic acid in the environment.

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Section: Uses Of Fluorinementioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorine in the environment, a review of its sources and geochemistry

Fuge

2019

Applied Geochemistry

149

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“…1(a)). 15,16 Consequently, another major sustainability issue with our current fluorine economy is that the fluorine bound in these is then not recovered into a useful form. 17 In other words, fluorine is a limited resource which will ultimately become scarce and expensive.…”

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Fluoride recovery in degradable fluorinated polyesters

Fornacon-Wood,

Stühler,

Millanvois

et al. 2024

Chem. Commun.

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“…Ceramic grade fluorspar contains 80-96% CaF2 (maximum 3% SiO2) and 66 is mainly used in the production of opaque glass and cooking enamels. Acid grade fluorspar contains more 67 than 97% CaF2 (maximum 1% SiO2) and is mainly used either in the manufacturing of hydrofluoric acid 68 (HF) or as a feed stock for many different chemical processes (Hayes et al, 2017). Approximately one third 69 of the world's fluorspar production is of metallurgical grade while only a small proportion is ceramic grade.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%