Fluorinated saccharide-derived hard carbon as a cathode material of lithium primary batteries: effect of the polymerization degree of the starting saccharide

Chen, Lei; Li, Yanyan; Liu, Chao; Guo, Fei; Wu, Xiaozhong; Fang, Zhiwen; Zhou, Jin

doi:10.1039/d3ra01695a

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 48 publications

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“…Because fluorinated carbons (CFxs) exhibit the highest theoretical energy density among current cathode materials for lithium primary batteries, extensive efforts are devoted to the enhancement of either their energy density, their power density, or both (see recent review papers [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]). The very recent strategies involve (i) considering new carbonaceous precursors for fluorination or innovative fluorination routes [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], (ii) chemical changes in the CFx, either on the surface or in the bulk [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], and (iii) change in the electrolyte composition [ 13 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Ball milling, a simple process for reducing the particle size of a compound, is widely used for electrode materials [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ], creating more space to accumulate the LiF(s) particles formed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Energy Density of Ball-Milled Fluorinated Carbon Nanofibers as Cathode in Primary Lithium Batteries

Colin,

Petit,

Guérin

et al. 2024

Nanomaterials

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Sub-fluorinated carbon nanofibers (F-CNFs) can be described as a non-fluorinated core surrounded by a fluorocarbon lattice. The core ensures the electron flux in the cathode during the electrochemical discharge in the primary lithium battery, which allows a high-power density to be reached. The ball-milling in an inert gas (Ar) of these F-CNFs adds a second level of conductive sp2 carbons, i.e., a dual sub-fluorination. The opening of the structure changes, from one initially similar multi-walled carbon nanotube to small lamellar nanoparticles after milling. The power densities are improved by the dual sub-fluorination, with values of 9693 W/kg (3192 W/kg for the starting material). Moreover, the over-potential of low depth of discharge, which is typical of covalent CFx, is suppressed thanks to the ball-milling. The energy density is still high during the ball-milling, i.e., 2011 and 2006 Wh/kg for raw and milled F-CNF, respectively.

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