Fluorinated Alcohols as Solvents, Cosolvents and Additives in Homogeneous Catalysis

This microreview summarizes the use of deep eutectic solvents (DES) and related melts in Organic Synthesis. This type of solvents combine the great advantages of other proposed environmentally benign alternative solvents, such as low toxicity, high availability, low inflammability, high recyclability, low volatility and low price, avoiding many disadvantages of these neoteric media. The fact that many of the components of the mixture come directly from Nature assures their biodegradability and renewability. The classification and distribution of the reactions in different sections along this microreview, as well as the emphasis paid to their scope, easily allows a general reader to understand the actual state of art, and the great opportunities opened, not only for academic proposes but also for industry.

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“…[9] However, their high price, together with their persistence in the atmosphere, does not make them very attractive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Organic Reaction Medium of the Century

et al. 2016

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“…The main role of TFE was suggested as a stabilizer of the active palladium catalyst through weak coordination. 17 Moreover, TFE might activate a-fluorinated iminoesters by protonation or hydrogen bonding of the imino group.…”

Section: Qing-an Chenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homogeneous palladium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation

et al. 2013

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The transition metal catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds arguably presents one of the most attractive methods for the synthesis of chiral compounds. Over the last few decades, Pd has gradually grown up as a new and popular metal catalyst in homogeneous asymmetric hydrogenation the same as traditional Ru, Rh and Ir catalysts. Much progress has been successfully achieved in the asymmetric reduction of imines, enamines, olefins, ketones and heteroarenes. It was also found that palladium catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation could be used as a key step in tandem reactions to quickly synthesize chiral compounds. This tutorial review intends to offer an overview of recent progress in homogeneous palladium catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation and should serve as an inspiration for further advances in this area. Key learning points(1) The general mechanism for homogeneous palladium catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation.(2) The palladium catalysts' tolerance against acid, water and air in the hydrogenation process.(3) The substrate scopes and limitations in these transformations. (4) The common hydrogen sources used in these catalytic systems.(5) The general solvent-dependent phenomena in these transformations.

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“…Apparently, HFIP (pK a = 9.3) is sufficiently acidic in order to accelerate the reaction (Run 3). 13 But in general the reaction rate was low. The application of carboxylic acids gave much better results.…”

Section: Amentioning

confidence: 99%