Fluoride Sources, Toxicity and Its Amelioration: A Review

Abstract

In recent scenario, fl uorosis is now going to be a severe problem throughout the globe due to toxic effects of fl uoride (F) on both plants and animals. F presents in the halogenated group of the periodic table and has the characteristics of electronegativity. Natural geological sources and increased industrialization have contributed greatly to the increasing incidence of fl uoride-induced human and animal health issues. In animals and human beings, it exerts adverse effects mainly through the attenuation of antioxidant defense mechanism and chelation of enzymatic cofactors. Thereafter, it causes metabolic disorders through interacting with various cellular processes such as gene expression, cell cycle, metabolism, ion transport, hormonal secretion, endocytosis, apoptosis, necrosis, and oxidative stress. These effects lead to dental mottling, skeletal dysfunctions including crippling deformities, osteoporosis, and other vital organs dysfunction. It was found that, water is the main source of fl uoride intake to plants and animals, which further may go into food chain of human beings through consumption of high fl uoride content plant and animal origin food. Several preventive and control measures have been developed to ameliorate the fl uoride toxicity, like application of synthetic chemicals, plants bioactive molecules, and plant products like fruit pulp, seed mixture, and plant buckle products. Therefore, this article presents up-to-date information on the fl uoride sources, toxicity and different amelioration measures to reduce fl uoride level directly from water as well as application of different natural/synthetic products/molecules to ameliorate the toxic effects of fl uoride in in-vivo models.

First insight of exogenous addition of proline and glycinebetaine to mitigate fluorine toxicity effects on common bean seedlings

“…In plants, the endogenous F level approximately increases of 3 ppm every 100 ppm in soil, up to about 2000 ppm level as reported by Bharti et al (2017). F gradually accumulates in plant tissues with time and when it reaches high level induces physiological and growth disorders, such as inhibition of germination and reduction of plant growth and biomass accumulation (Yadu et al, 2016).…”

Study of Water Quality Indicators of Mountain Rivers Used as Source of Drinking Water Supply of the Targu-Jiu Municipality

“…1). http://www.revistadechimie.ro In the assessment of water quality are presented a series of models -water quality index (WOI) models, depending on the nature of the parameters considered [16][17][18]. For this study, the water quality index formula / model applied by Mr. Brian Oram, PG, (2010) (formula 1) was applied:…”

Optimization of Fluoride Adsorption on Acid Modified Bentonite Clay Using Fixed-Bed Column by Response Surface Method

“…The most significant problem with groundwater quality is fluoride pollution. Mostly, as consequence of natural and human activity causes, fluoride contamination of groundwater has already become a serious problem, posing health risks to humans [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Ethiopia, as with other developing countries, is dealing with fluoride contamination, especially in the Central Rift Valley.…”