Fluoride in water: A UK perspective

Harrison, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2005.09.009

Cited by 266 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Higher contents ([1.5 mg/L) pose a threat to human health, and can cause severe health problems such as dental and skeletal fluorosis, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. For example, F problems occur in some regions of India, China, the Korean Peninsula, East and North Africa, the United Kingdom, and the Western United States (Ayoob and Gupta 2006;Chae et al 2007;Harrison 2005;Jacks et al 2005;Kim and Jeong 2005;Reddy et al 2010;Xiong et al 2007;Zhu et al 2007). Conversely, water fluoridation is necessary in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and most South American countries, due to lack of natural fluoride.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of fluoride in ground waters of Saudi Arabia

2013

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The presence of elevated levels of fluoride in groundwater is considered a global problem. Fluoride in water derives mainly from dissolution of natural minerals in the rocks and soils with which water interacts. The most common fluorine-bearing minerals are fluorite, apatite and micas. Anthropogenic sources of fluoride include agricultural fertilizers and combustion of coal. In the present research, a survey of wells (n = 1,060) was undertaken in all the 13 regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to assess the contained fluoride (F) levels. The results indicated variation in fluoride levels from 0.10 to 5.4 mg/L as F throughout the kingdom. The average fluoride levels in milligrams per liter as F were as follows in descending order: 1.80 (Hadwood Shamalyah), 1.37 (Hail), 1.33 (Eastern Province), 1.16 (Al Jouf), 1.11 (Qassim), 1.01 (Riyadh), 0.90 (Madina Al Munnawara), 0.81 (Tabouk), 0.74 (Makkah Al-Mukaramma), 0.73 (Jizan), 0.66 (Asir), 0.64 (Najran), and 0.60 (Al Baha). The results indicated that fluoride levels exceeded the USEPA maximum contaminant limits for drinking water (4 mg/L) in several wells (n = 7) in different regions of the kingdom and that 13.96 % of the wells exceeded the World Health Organization recommended levels (1.5 mg/L). The results were also compared with the secondary USEPA contaminant standards of 2.0 mg/L for fluorides.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of fluoride in ground waters of Saudi Arabia

2013

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“…(1). At the optimized condition (i.e., 40 mol % of KTFPB), the calibration curves for the anions tested are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 It is also product of enzymatic reactions of nerve gases such as soman and sarin and the measurement of fluoride from such reactions can be used for the detection of toxic organic fluorophosphates. 3,4 While the solid state electrode based on the LaF3 crystal is widely employed for many field applications, the development of an inexpensive fluoride sensing device has gained considerable interest among sensor scientists and, as a result, highly selective ionophores for fluoride have been recently developed for electrochemical and optical sensors based on plasticized polymeric matrices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Fluoride-Selective Electrode based on Scandium(III) Octaethylporphyrin in a Plasticized Polymeric Membrane

Kang¹,

Lutz²,

Hong³

et al. 2010

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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A scandium(III) porphyrin-based fluoride-selective potentiometric sensor and its application in the analysis of hydrofluoric acid is described. Scandium(III) octaethylporphyrin, an ionophore recently developed for the optical fluoride sensor, was employed as a host molecule for the selective binding with fluoride in the plasticized PVC membrane. Nernstian response for F -between 10 -4.6 to 10 -1 M was observed at a glycine-phosphate buffer (pH 3.0). The selectivity pattern was observed as F-, which is consistent with the binding constant data measured in the plasticized PVC membrane based on a sandwich membrane method. This highly selective and reversible fluoride-sensitive electrode was employed for the analysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF). A disposable differential-type HF sensor was fabricated on the screen-printed electrode and demonstrated its ability to detect the neutral HF in the acidic solution.

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“…Dentro deste contexto, diversos trabalhos encontrados na literatura descrevem o uso de eletrodos compósitos de carbono ou grafite escolar como materiais base para a construção de ISE, resultando em um dispositivo final de baixo custo de produção e versáteis, que em muitos casos, pode ser utilizado como um eletrodo descartável [9,[13][14][15] . Os íons fluoreto são utilizados com frequência como um eficiente redutor na incidência de cáries dentárias [16][17][18] sendo inclusive comum a fluoração de águas de abastecimento das cidades [19,20] tornando-o assim uma espécie cujo interesse está intimamente ligada a saúde pública. Apesar disso, essa medida muitas vezes ainda não é suficiente para a promover o efeito desejado sendo complementada pela presença destes íons em cremes dentais e antissépticos bucais.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Filmes de polipirrol aplicados no desenvolvimento de eletrodos descartáveis seletivos a íons fluoreto

et al. 2014

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Resumo: O presente manuscrito descreve o desenvolvimento de um sensor descartável sensível e seletivo baseado em filmes de polipirrol dopados (PPy) para determinação íons fluoreto. Os íons fluoretos foram incorporados na matriz PPy durante a polimerização eletroquímica realizada em condições galvanostáticas em um eletrodo compósito etileno vinil acetato e negro de fumo. Parâmetros experimentais envolvidos na preparação de película PPy tais como densidade de corrente elétrica, carga elétrica, o pH e a concentração de eletrólito foram otimizados de forma a maximizar a resposta potenciométrica. A resposta do sensor para íons de flúor foi linear no intervalo de concentração de 1,00 × 10 -5 a 1,08 × 10 -2 mol L -1, com uma inclinação de ~ 40 mV / pF e foi estável suficiente para várias determinações. O método foi aplicado com sucesso na determinação de íons fluoreto em amostras comerciais farmacêuticas. Os resultados demonstraram que o sensor proposto pode ser utilizado como uma alternativa interessante aos métodos analíticos tradicionais para determinação de íons fluoreto. Palavras-chave: Filmes de polipirrol, íons fluoreto, eletrodos íon-seletivo, eletrodo compósito. Polypyrrole Films Applied to Development of Disposable Ion-selective Electrode for Fluoride Ions DeterminationAbstract: This manuscript describes the development of a sensitive and selective disposable potentiometric sensor based on doped polypyrrole films (PPy) for fluoride ions determination. The fluoride ions were incorporated in the PPy matrix during electrochemical polymerization under galvanostatic conditions on a composite electrode of ethylene vinyl acetate and black carbon. Experimental parameters involved in PPy film preparation, such as electric current densities, electric charge, pH and electrolyte concentration, were optimized in order to maximize the potentiometric response. The sensor response for fluoride ions was linear in the concentration range of 1.00 × 10 -5 to 1.08 × 10 -2 mol L -1 , with a slope of ~40 mV/pF, and it was sufficiently stable for several determinations. The method was successfully applied in the determination of fluoride ions in pharmaceutical commercial samples. Results demonstrated that the proposed sensor can be used as an interesting alternative to traditional analytical methods for fluoride ions. Keywords: Polypyrrole films, fluoride ions, ions-selective electrode, composite electrode. IntroduçãoO desenvolvimento de sensores eletroquímicos vem sendo amplamente explorado nos últimos anos, devido a características apresentadas por estes dispositivos tais como: baixos limites de detecção, alta seletividade e estabilidade [1] . Dentre as diversas possibilidades de resposta dos sensores eletroquímicos, podemos destacar os potenciométricos devido à simplicidade operacional e o baixo custo. Destaque para os eletrodos íon-seletivo (ISE) de membrana que permitem a determinação dos mais diversos analitos com alta seletividade, baixos limites de detecção e poucos efeitos de interferência da matriz [2] . O uso de polímeros...

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Fluoride in water: A UK perspective

Cited by 266 publications

References 22 publications

Occurrence of fluoride in ground waters of Saudi Arabia

Occurrence of fluoride in ground waters of Saudi Arabia

Development of a Fluoride-Selective Electrode based on Scandium(III) Octaethylporphyrin in a Plasticized Polymeric Membrane

Filmes de polipirrol aplicados no desenvolvimento de eletrodos descartáveis seletivos a íons fluoreto

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