Fluorescent probes for the detection of magnesium ions (Mg²⁺): from design to application

Abstract

Herein, progress in intracellular magnesium detection with fluorescent probes is critically summarized in this work.

Excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer (ESIPT) based fluorescence sensors and imaging agents

“…Consequently, it is of great importance to develop simple and efficient probes that allow for the monitoring of Mg 2+ levels in real time. 34 Callan and co-workers designed a simple ESIPT probe 4 for the ratiometric detection of Mg 2+ . The Schiff base of 4 undergoes ESIPT to generate a keto tautomer, which enables efficient binding of Mg 2+ (Scheme 5).…”

Recent Advances in AIEgens for Metal Ion Biosensing and Bioimaging

“…The normal concentrations of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ are usually in the ranges of 0.5-20 mM and 0.1 µM-2 mM, respectively [3]. The abnormality in their concentrations may cause a series of diseases, such as hypertension, osteoporosis, neuronal injury, soft tissue calcification, and hypercalcemia [37][38][39]. Probes containing β-ketoester, β-carboxyester, benzylguanine, or carboxyl moiety are usually designed to detect and sense Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ [35].…”

1,2,3‐Triazol‐1,4‐diyl‐Fluoroionophores for Zn2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ based on Fluorescence Intensity Enhancements in Water

“…Fluorescent probes for intracellular Mg 2+ levels determination mostly incorporate an o ‐aminophenol‐ N , N , O ‐triacetic acid (APTRA, cf. Scheme 1) unit [5] as the ionophore to discriminate intracellular Mg 2+ levels over Ca 2+ and Zn 2+ . For the fluorometric analysis of intracellular Ca 2+ levels numerous fluorescent probes were developed [6a–d] .…”