“…Membrane potential Ca 2+ (Hajnóczky et al, 1995) Zn 2+ Sreenath et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2012b;Chyan et al, 2014) thiols H 2 O 2 (Dickinson and Chang, 2008) pH (Sarkar et al, 2016) superoxide (Robinson et al, 2006) membrane potential (Nicholls, 2012) Acidic compartments pH gradient, endocytosis pH Miao et al, 2013;Lv et al, 2014;Chen et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2015;Yapici et al, 2015) thiols (Kand et al, 2015) Ca 2+ (Gilroy and Jones, 1992;Schlatterer et al, 1992) vesicle recycling (Gaffield and Betz, 2007;Li et al, 2009) neurotransmitter release (Gubernator et al, 2009) At resting negative membrane potential (top), the permeable oxonols have a high concentration at the extracellular surface of the PM, and energy transfer from the extracellularly bound FL-WGA (acceptor molecule) is favored. FRET is symbolized as the fluorescent changes are small, and repetitive measurements are needed to obtain a good record of action potentials (for recent reviews see Peterka et al [2011] and St-Pierre et al [2015]).…”