Fluid vesicles in flow

Abstract

We review the dynamical behavior of giant fluid vesicles in various types of external hydrodynamic flow. The interplay between stresses arising from membrane elasticity, hydrodynamic flows, and the ever present thermal fluctuations leads to a rich phenomenology. In linear flows with both rotational and elongational components, the properties of the tank-treading and tumbling motions are now well described by theoretical and numerical models. At the transition between these two regimes, strong shape deformations and amplification of thermal fluctuations generate a new regime called trembling. In this regime, the vesicle orientation oscillates quasi-periodically around the flow direction while asymmetric deformations occur. For strong enough flows, small-wavelength deformations like wrinkles are observed, similar to what happens in a suddenly reversed elongational flow. In steady elongational flow, vesicles with large excess areas deform into dumbbells at large flow rates and pearling occurs for even stronger flows. In capillary flows with parabolic flow profile, single vesicles migrate towards the center of the channel, where they adopt symmetric shapes, for two reasons. First, walls exert a hydrodynamic lift force which pushes them away. Second, shear stresses are minimal at the tip of the flow. However, symmetry is broken for vesicles with large excess areas, which flow off-center and deform asymmetrically. In suspensions, hydrodynamic interactions between vesicles add up to these two effects, making it challenging to deduce rheological properties from the dynamics of individual vesicles. Further investigations of vesicles and similar objects and their suspensions in steady or time-dependent flow will shed light on phenomena such as blood flow.

Influence of surface viscosity on droplets in shear flow

“…Results from studies of droplet deformation have proved useful in informing investigations of other soft matter modelling paradigms, such as capsules or vesicles, which involve interfaces with more complicated mechanics (e.g. Stone 1994;Barthès-Biesel 2009;Vlahovska, Podgorski & Misbah 2009b;Abreu et al 2014). More directly, studies of droplets may be used to better understand the properties of emulsions providing an insight of rheological properties of interfaces.…”

Deformation and rupture of vesicles confined in narrow channels

“…For the properties of vesicles suspended in microfluidic channels, multiple experimental [5,6] and theoretical/computational studies [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] have been conducted on this topic. However, few address the issue of rupture due to stresses induced by hydrodynamic interactions with the surrounding fluid [15]. Consider, for example, small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) that are to be prepared and loaded with a potent molecular agent to be delivered to a specific site.…”

Wrinkling instability of vesicles in steady linear flow

“…They are considered as simple model objects to simulate red-blood-cell dynamics in a first step towards understanding blood rheology. Two constraints, namely the conservation of both vesicle volume V and surface area A, result in rather involved non-linear dynamics in flow (for a review, see [8]). …”