Fluid mechanics and rheology of the jumping spider body fluid

Göttler, Chantal; Amador, Guillermo J.; Kamp, Thomas van de; Zubér, M. S.; Böhler, L; Siegwart, Roland; Sitti, Metin

doi:10.1039/d1sm00338k

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: A spider was euthanized and hemolymph samples were collected from the ventral side of the spider between the sternum and petiole following a procedure established in prior work. [83] The hemolymph was carefully spread on pristine silicon wafer sections to avoid any unknown sources of contamination that could skew the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey spectra. Tweezers were used to remove the legs of the spider and the samples were allowed to dry for an hour.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necrobotics: Biotic Materials as Ready‐to‐Use Actuators

et al. 2022

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Designs perfected through evolution have informed bioinspired animal‐like robots that mimic the locomotion of cheetahs and the compliance of jellyfish; biohybrid robots go a step further by incorporating living materials directly into engineered systems. Bioinspiration and biohybridization have led to new, exciting research, but humans have relied on biotic materials—non‐living materials derived from living organisms—since their early ancestors wore animal hides as clothing and used bones for tools. In this work, an inanimate spider is repurposed as a ready‐to‐use actuator requiring only a single facile fabrication step, initiating the area of “necrobotics” in which biotic materials are used as robotic components. The unique walking mechanism of spiders—relying on hydraulic pressure rather than antagonistic muscle pairs to extend their legs—results in a necrobotic gripper that naturally resides in its closed state and can be opened by applying pressure. The necrobotic gripper is capable of grasping objects with irregular geometries and up to 130% of its own mass. Furthermore, the gripper can serve as a handheld device and innately camouflages in outdoor environments. Necrobotics can be further extended to incorporate biotic materials derived from other creatures with similar hydraulic mechanisms for locomotion and articulation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necrobotics: Biotic Materials as Ready‐to‐Use Actuators

et al. 2022

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“…This requires high differences in the pressure applied by haemolymph, which flows inside the legs, on the cuticle 3 . In this context, a recent work 23 shows that spider haemolymph behaves as a shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid, whose fluid behaviour index is 0.5 (usually < 1 for pseudoplastic fluids, = 1 for Newtonian fluids, and > 1 for dilatant fluids). This means that the higher the shear stress applied on the haemolymph, the lower is its viscosity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this way, the stiffer the walls are, the higher is the shear stress on the haemolymph 52 , which results to be less viscous, flows better in the joints, and facilitates locomotion. Moreover, a more rigid cuticle sustains better the continuous changes in pressure within the legs 23 , 28 . These results may be helpful to design bio-inspired hard or hard/soft systems, such as cutting tools or soft actuators, providing an example of how an external rigid layer may help in the development even of soft actuators.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through nanoindentation, we provide a map of their mechanical properties, which could be used as insight for a better understanding of spider biomechanics, e.g. locomotion and sensing 2 , 3 , 23 . Finally, this study may contribute to the design of bio-inspired materials with superior and tuneable mechanical performances 24 – 28 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mechanical characterization of the legs, fangs, and prosoma in the spider Harpactira curvipes (Pocock 1897)

Residori

Greco

Pugno

2022

Sci Rep

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The exoskeleton of spiders is the primary structure that interacts with the external mechanical stimuli, thus playing a crucial role in spider life. In particular, fangs, legs, and prosoma are the main rigid structures of the exoskeleton and their properties must be measured to better understand their mechanical behaviours. Here we investigate, by means of nanoindentation, the mechanical properties of the external sclerotized cuticles of such parts in the spider Harpactira curvipes. Interestingly, the results show that the leg’s cuticle is stiffer than the prosoma and has a stiffness similar to the one of the tip fangs. This could be explained by the legs’ function in perceiving vibrations that could be facilitated by higher stiffness. From a broader perspective, this characterization could help to understand how the same basic material (the cuticle, i.e. mainly composed of chitin) can be tuned to achieve different mechanical functions, which improves the animal’s adaptation to specific evolutive requirements. We, thus, hope that this work stimulates further comparative analysis. Moreover, these results may also be potentially important to inspire the design of graded materials with superior mechanical properties.

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“…The pressure distribution is controlled by the geometry of the limb and joint segments that direct the shear‐thinning biofluid to move. [ 10 ] Another biomechanical fluid system is the lymphatic system of tuna, which they use to orient their fins during high‐performance swimming and maneuvering. [ 11 ] At a slower scale, animals from the phylum mollusk use complex fluid and compliant bodies to locomote in various environments and surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shape Memory Soft Robotics with Yield Stress Fluids

Wilt

Overvelde

Coulais

2023

Advanced Intelligent Systems

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Biological movement is a source of inspiration for designing soft robots that use fluidic actuation for adaptive gripping and locomotion. While many biological systems use networks of non‐Newtonian fluid for movement, to date, most soft robots use Newtonian fluids or pneumatics. Herein, yield stress fluids to manufacture and operate soft devices are exploited, particularly to create soft actuators that exhibit shape memory. Our soft robots are fabricated through embedded 3D printing where the suspension media is a yield stress fluid. Moreover, this complex fluid is encapsulated and used as the hydraulic transmission fluid. Diagnostic designs are developed to characterize the force and shape memory of the yield stress fluid, and the findings are used to create a gripper common in modern soft robotic applications. The diagnostic devices have deformable reservoirs that demonstrate force response, flow behavior, and deformation profiles dependent on the yield stress features of the transmission fluid. The actuation using the yield stress fluid from the retained suspension media creates avenues for partial shape retention and unconventional expansion from localized fluid flow. Looking toward the future of soft robotics, these fabrication and operational approaches using yield stress fluids can provide greater tunability for applications requiring nonlinear actuation and shape memory.

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Fluid mechanics and rheology of the jumping spider body fluid

Abstract: Spiders use their inner body ﬂuid ("blood" or hemolymph) to drive hydraulic extension of their legs. In hydraulic systems, performance is highly dependent on the working ﬂuid, which needs to...

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Necrobotics: Biotic Materials as Ready‐to‐Use Actuators

Necrobotics: Biotic Materials as Ready‐to‐Use Actuators

The mechanical characterization of the legs, fangs, and prosoma in the spider Harpactira curvipes (Pocock 1897)

Shape Memory Soft Robotics with Yield Stress Fluids

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