Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Characteristics of the Arapuçandere Pb-Zn-Cu Deposits, Northwest Turkey

Sulphur- and lead-isotope geochemistry of the Arapuçandere lead–zinc–copper deposit, Biga Peninsula, northwest Turkey

“…Although the younger deposits may contain the lead derived from an older reservoir, in general, younger deposits contain the lead derived either from younger reservoirs or from a mixing of older and younger reservoirs, and the ages of mineralization are close to lead-isotope model ages. In this context, the Pb-isotope model ages from 70 to 1 Ma were calculated for the lead-zinc deposits hosted by Tertiary volcanic rocks in the Koru area, and it is suggested that the lead in galena was derived from the surrounding Eocene -Quaternary volcanic and volcano-sedimentary units in a post-Oligocene period of time, which is in accordance with the possible age of mineralization (Bozkaya et al 2008). Therefore, the ore-bearing faults and mineralizations within the investigated area must have developed prior to granitoid emplacement and volcanic activity in the Oligocene.…”

“…In addition, oxygen-and hydrogen-isotope evidence of meteoric water source for the water in the mineralizing hydrothermal fluid (Bozkaya et al , 2008 suggests that the metal and sulphur concentrated in the ore veins should have been leached from the older reservoirs in the surrounding rocks.…”

“…The main geological characteristics of the lead -zinc -copper deposits of the Yenice area have been investigated by several workers (Yücelay 1971(Yücelay , 1976Atilgan 1977;Anil 1979Anil , 1984Anil , Ç agatay 1980Ç etinkaya et al 1983;Anil and Yaman 1985;Tufan 1993;Orgün et al 2005;Bozkaya et al , 2008. Yücelay (1971Yücelay ( , 1976, Atilgan (1977), andÇ agatay (1980) suggested that the Sofular and Kalkım-Handeresi deposits developed via granitoid-related contact hydrothermal processes, whereas the Karaköy-Arapuçandere and Kurttaşı deposits formed via hydrothermal processes related to volcanic activity.…”

“…Those authors suggested that these deposits formed as the result of the interaction (and/or mixing) of two aqueous fluids; a higher salinity fluid (probably magmatic) and a dilute (probably meteoric) fluid. Fluid-inclusion studies on quartz, calcite, and sphalerite, as well as stable isotope (O and H) studies on quartz (Bozkaya et al , 2008 have shown that the hydrothermal fluids contain meteoric water (d 18 O ¼ 2 7.5 to 2 1.7‰ and d D ¼ 2 90 to 2 55‰) and dissolved CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , NaCl, and KCl. Low salinity -high temperature conditions (with averages of 18.3% NaCl and 301.48C, respectively) were determined for the earlier stage of mineralization represented by sulphide precipitation, and higher salinity -lower temperature conditions (with averages of 25.3% NaCl equivalent and 240.28C, respectively) were determined for the later stage of mineralization represented by quartz and calcite precipitation.…”

Physico-chemical controls on ore deposition in the Arapucandere Pb–Zn–Cu-precious metal deposit, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey

“…Almost all the deposits are hosted by Tertiary calc-alkaline (andesite, dacite, rhyodacite and rhyolite) and alkaline (olivine basalts) volcanic and volcano-clastic rocks, except for the Bagirkacdere and Arapucandere deposits which are hosted by Paleozoic metamorphic rocks and Permo-Triassic clastics. Numerous studies have been carried out on these deposits and a variety of models for the origin of mineralization has been proposed by various authors (e.g., Andic and Kayhan, 1997;Bozkaya, 2001Bozkaya, , 2011aBozkaya and Celik, 2010;Bozkaya and Gokce, 2001, 2002Bozkaya et al, 2008;Bozkaya et al, 2011;Orgün et al, 2005;Unal et al, 2013;Yilmaz, 2002;Yilmaz et al, 2010;Yilmaz et al, 2007;Yigit, 2012). However, the fluid origins, transportation and deposition of ore-metals in the deposits are poorly understood apart from the salinity and temperature.…”