Fluid catalytic cracking: recent developments on the grand old lady of zeolite catalysis

Vogt, Eelco T. C.; Weckhuysen, Bert M.

doi:10.1039/c5cs00376h

Cited by 798 publications

(697 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…The catalyst is periodically regenerated by passing through a regenerator to burn off coke depositions 26. In automotive exhaust gas catalysis and automotive fuel cells, strongly changing reaction atmospheres are an integral part of the everyday challenges catalysts have to deal with, as for example, start‐up, acceleration, deceleration or idling induce different air‐to‐fuel ratios, engine temperatures and flow rates 34.…”

Section: Dynamic Reaction Conditions From a Catalysis Point Of Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though such a view on catalytic processes as derived from Figure 1 might appear rather new, changing reaction conditions have already been encountered in selected processes like fluid catalytic cracking26 or exhaust gas catalysis 27. In these cases, however, fluctuating reaction conditions are either used to restore the catalytic activity by circulating the catalyst periodically through a regenerator, or they are unintentional and a consequence of the respective engine operation as in the latter case.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

et al. 2016

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In the future, (electro‐)chemical catalysts will have to be more tolerant towards a varying supply of energy and raw materials. This is mainly due to the fluctuating nature of renewable energies. For example, power‐to‐chemical processes require a shift from steady‐state operation towards operation under dynamic reaction conditions. This brings along a number of demands for the design of both catalysts and reactors, because it is well‐known that the structure of catalysts is very dynamic. However, in‐depth studies of catalysts and catalytic reactors under such transient conditions have only started recently. This requires studies and advances in the fields of 1) operando spectroscopy including time‐resolved methods, 2) theory with predictive quality, 3) kinetic modelling, 4) design of catalysts by appropriate preparation concepts, and 5) novel/modular reactor designs. An intensive exchange between these scientific disciplines will enable a substantial gain of fundamental knowledge which is urgently required. This concept article highlights recent developments, challenges, and future directions for understanding catalysts under dynamic reaction conditions.

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Section: Dynamic Reaction Conditions From a Catalysis Point Of Viewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

et al. 2016

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“…After cooling to room temperature, the 2 product was isolated from the solution through the evaporation of the solvent by a rotary evaporator, then washed with diethyl ether, and lastly dried in a vacuum for 2 hours. The structure of the last product was confirmed by 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR characterizations ( Figure S1 and S2 4 hours to form a homogeneous gel. Thereafter, the gel was transferred directly into a Teflon-lined autoclave for a hydrothermally synthesis at 170 °C for 7 days.…”

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 73%

“…3 In the field of catalysis, zeolite play a vital role in petrochemical process for oil refining, which accounts for about 70% of catalyst in this process. 4 The super catalytic performance of zeolites is mainly ascribed to their crystalline structure and unique porosity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organosilane with Gemini-Type Structure as the Mesoporogen for the Synthesis of the Hierarchical Porous ZSM-5 Zeolite

et al. 2016

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CitationOrganosilane with gemini-type structure as the mesoporogen for synthesis of hierarchical porous ZSM-5 zeolite 2016 Langmuir Just Accepted "Just Accepted" manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication. They are posted online prior to technical editing, formatting for publication and author proofing. The American Chemical Society provides "Just Accepted" as a free service to the research community to expedite the dissemination of scientific material as soon as possible after acceptance. "Just Accepted" manuscripts appear in full in PDF format accompanied by an HTML abstract. "Just Accepted" manuscripts have been fully peer reviewed, but should not be considered the official version of record. They are accessible to all readers and citable by the Digital Object Identifier (DOI®). "Just Accepted" is an optional service offered to authors. Therefore, the "Just Accepted" Web site may not include all articles that will be published in the journal. After a manuscript is technically edited and formatted, it will be removed from the "Just Accepted" Web site and published as an ASAP article. Note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the manuscript text and/or graphics which could affect content, and all legal disclaimers and ethical guidelines that apply to the journal pertain. ACS cannot be held responsible for errors or consequences arising from the use of information contained in these "Just Accepted" manuscripts.Organosilane with gemini-type structure as the mesoporogen for synthesis of hierarchical porous ZSM-5 zeolite ABSTRACT: A new kind of organosilane (1,6-bis (diethyl(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ammonium) hexane bromide) with a geminitype structure was prepared and used as a mesoporogen for the synthesis of hierarchical porous ZSM-5 zeolite. There are two quaternary ammonium centers along with double hydrolysable -RSi(OMe) 3 fragments in the organosilane, which results in a strong interaction between this mesoporogen and silica-alumina gel. The organosilane can be easily incorporated into ZSM-5 zeolite structure during the crystallization process, and it was finally removed by calcination leading to secondary pores in ZSM-5. The synthesized ZSM-5 has been systematically studied by XRD, nitrogen adsorption, SEM, TEM, TG and solid-state one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR, which reveals information on its detailed structure. It has a hierarchical porosity system, which combines the intrinsic micropores coming from the crystalline structure and irregular mesopores created by the organosilane template. Moreover, the mesoposity including pore size and volume within ZSM-5 can be systematically tuned by changing the organosilane/TEOS ratios, which confirms this organosilane has high flexibility of using as template for the synthesis of hierarchical porous zeolite.

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“…Steam cracking of crude oil and natural gas is a commonly used process to achieve this breaking. It is an energy intensive process which produces residues which vary from being harmless to highly toxic [15][16][17]. Although the hydrocarbons vary on many levels, they all pose significant risks for human and environmental health, they are also all flammable, some require pressurized storage, and many are volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [13].…”

Section: Background-pvc Within the Context Of Other Polymers And Syntmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Healthiness of Sustainable Construction: Example of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Petrović

Hamer

2018

Buildings

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Abstract:With the increasing emphasis on sustainable construction, it has become important to better understand the impacts of common materials. This is especially paramount with the introduction of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which call for more comprehensive evaluations, adding many aspects of social consideration to the issues of environmental sustainability, including human health. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/vinyl can be seen as a material with potential for significant adverse effects on a multiplicity of levels, and the construction industry is its single most significant consumer. This article presents a transdisciplinary review of adverse health impacts associated with PVC showing a number of issues: some that could be eliminated through design, but also some which appear inherent to the material itself and therefore unavoidable. The totality of issues revealed in relation to PVC presents a compelling case for a call for complete elimination of use of this material in sustainable construction.

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Fluid catalytic cracking: recent developments on the grand old lady of zeolite catalysis

Abstract: Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the major conversion technologies in the oil refinery industry, and the largest commercial catalytic process that uses zeolite materials.

Cited by 798 publications

References 153 publications

Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

Future Challenges in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Understanding Catalysts under Dynamic Reaction Conditions

Organosilane with Gemini-Type Structure as the Mesoporogen for the Synthesis of the Hierarchical Porous ZSM-5 Zeolite

Improving the Healthiness of Sustainable Construction: Example of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

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