Fluid Balance During and After an Ironman Triathlon

Speedy, Dale B.; Noakes, Timothy D.; Kimber, Nicholas E.; Rogers, Ian R.; Thompson, John M. D.; Boswell, D. Ross; Ross, Jennifer; Campbell, Robert G.; Gallagher, Peter G.; Kuttner, Jonathan

doi:10.1097/00042752-200101000-00008

Cited by 138 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Um aspecto importante visto neste estudo foi a tendência do comportamento eletrolítico quando relacionado com o estado hídrico do atleta. Verificou-se uma relação inversa entre o sódio sérico final e as alterações percentuais do peso da massa corporal, concordante com achados de outros autores (7)(8) , ou seja, atletas que mantêm peso, ou perdem pouco peso, têm a tendência de apresentar menores valores de sódio sérico, sugerindo que a hiponatremia seja em decorrência de uma superhidratação e conseqüente diluição deste eletrólito (8) . Neste caso as perdas hídricas são supercompensadas com fluídos pobres em sódio.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Alterações hidroeletrolíticas agudas ocorridas no Triatlon Ironman Brasil

Mara

Lemos

Brochi

et al. 2007

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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ARTIGO ORIGINALPalavras-chave: Hiponatremia. Desidratação. Superhidratação. Potássio. Keywords:Hyponatremia. Dehydration. Superhydration. Potassium. RESUMOO Triatlon Ironman caracteriza-se por ser uma atividade de resistência constituída por 3,8km de natação, 180km de ciclismo e 42,2km de corrida, no qual o atleta exercita-se, em média, por cerca de 13 horas. Neste contexto, o atleta exposto a tal carga de esforço e adversidades ambientais, experimenta alterações orgâ-nicas agudas em seus sistemas biológicos, incluindo os distúr-bios hidroeletrolíticos. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever as alterações hídricas e eletrolíticas encontradas em atletas de triatlon Ironman. De 2002 a 2005 foram avaliados 109 atletas voluntários antes e imediatamente após as provas realizadas em Florianópo-lis-SC Brasil, com análise sanguínea dos eletrólitos sódio, e potás-sio, e medida de massa corporal. Os dados do sódio sérico de 89 atletas foram correlacionados com o grau de desidratação e modificações percentuais de peso corporal. Dados de 77 atletas, quanto ao potássio sérico, foram avaliados isoladamente de forma descritiva. Seis atletas (6,7%) apresentaram-se euhidratados ou superhidratados ao final da prova, 50 atletas desidrataram de 0 a 3% (56,2%), 29 de 3 a 6% (32,6%) e 4 atletas (4,5%) desidrataram mais que 6%. Houve uma tendência a ocorrer hiponatremia entre aqueles que desidrataram menos ou ganharam peso. O potássio teve um comportamento dentro dos limites da normalidade em toda amostra. Conclui-se que os distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos (hiponatremia e desidratação) são incidentes nesta modalidade esportiva, sendo a superhidratação a etiologia provável da hiponatremia denotada pelo ganho ou perdas discretas de peso. ABSTRACT Acute hydroelectrolytic changes occurred in the Brazilian Ironman TriathlonThe Ironman Triathlon is characterized for being an endurance activity consisting of 3.8 km of swimming, 180 km of cycling and 42.2 km of running, in which the athlete exercises an average of about 13 hours. In this context, the athlete exposed to such load of effort and environmental adversities, experiences acute organic alterations in his biological systems, including hydroelectrolytic disturbs. The objective of this study is to describe the hydric and electrolytic alterations found in Ironman triathlon athletes. From years 2002 to 2005, 109 volunteer athletes have been evaluated before and immediately after the events which took place in Florianópolis-SC Brazil, with blood analysis of sodium and potassium electrolytes, and body mass measurement. Sodium serum data from 89 athletes have been correlated with the degree of dehydration and percentage alterations of body weight. Data of 77 athletes concerning the serum potassium were separately evaluated in a descriptive way. Six athletes (6.7%) were euhydrated or superhydrated at the end of the test; 50 athletes were dehydrated from 0 to 3% (56.2%); 29 from 3 to 6 % (32.6%) and 4 athletes (4.5%) were dehydrated more than 6%. There was a tendency to hyponatremia among those who ...

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Alterações hidroeletrolíticas agudas ocorridas no Triatlon Ironman Brasil

Mara

Lemos

Brochi

et al. 2007

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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“…Other studies also have shown that the consumption of a carbohydrate/electrolyte-containing sports drink does not protect against the development of hyponatremia (35)(36)(37)(38). This likely reflects the relative hypotonicity of most of the commercial sports drinks in which the sodium concentration typically is 18 mmol/L (39).…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, there is insufficient evidence to support the suggestion that ingestion of sodium prevents or decreases the risk for EAH; neither is there any evidence that consumption of sports drinks (electrolyte-containing hypotonic fluids) can prevent the development of EAH (1,(35)(36)(37)(38)42,100,101). Again, most commercial sports drinks are hypotonic with a sodium content of 10 to 20 mmol/L (230 to 460 mg/L).…”

Section: Prevention Of Eahmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia

Rosner

Kirven

2007

Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology

165

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Exercise-associated hyponatremia has been described after sustained physical exertion during marathons, triathlons, and other endurance athletic events. As these events have become more popular, the incidence of serious hyponatremia has increased and associated fatalities have occurred. The pathogenesis of this condition remains incompletely understood but largely depends on excessive water intake. Furthermore, hormonal (especially abnormalities in arginine vasopressin secretion) and renal abnormalities in water handling that predispose individuals to the development of severe, life-threatening hyponatremia may be present. This review focuses on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and therapy of exercise-associated hyponatremia.

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“…Once muscle glycogen stores (~450 g) are oxidized during an ultra-endurance triathlon, the water that was stored with it (~1 L) must be released back into the body. Thus, a triathlete can expect to lose between 2-3 kg of mass in the form of stored substrate and water over the course of ultra-endurance event (Brouns, 1991;Pastene et al, 1996;Speedy et al, 2001). To illustrate, Laursen et al (2006) showed that well-trained Ironman triathletes performing a ~10 h Ironman Western Australia lost 2.3±1.2 kg (~3%).…”

Section: Core Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, athletes that either do not lose much mass, or gain mass during the course of an ultra-endurance event from drinking, are more likely to develop a dilutional hyponatremia (Speedy et al, 1997(Speedy et al, , 2001; Noakes, 2010), as defined as a serum sodium concentration less than 135 mEq⋅L -1 . For example, Speedy et al (1997) showed an inverse relationship between postrace sodium concentrations and percentage change in body weight (r = -0.63) in the New Zealand Ironman.…”

Section: Body Weight Changes Water Balance and Hyponatremiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Long distance triathlon: demands, preparation and performance

Laursen¹

2011

JHSE

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Laursen PB. Long distance triathlon: demands, preparation and performance. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 247-263, 2011. The rise in worldwide popularity of long distance triathlon racing comes with it an increased interest into how to train and prepare optimally for such an event. This paper examines the physiologic and bioenergetic demands of long distance triathlon racing, including energy requirements, muscle damage consequences, thermoregulatory demands and water turnover rates. In response to these physiological challenges, the second part of the paper describes the training goals and race practices that may assist to minimize these disturbances, in turn, optimizing performance and health for the long distance triathlete. Some of these race strategies include appropriate pacing, ensuring adequate fluid and carbohydrate consumption, acclimating to the heat, and consuming caffeine in appropriate quantities.

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Fluid Balance During and After an Ironman Triathlon

Cited by 138 publications

References 21 publications

Alterações hidroeletrolíticas agudas ocorridas no Triatlon Ironman Brasil

Alterações hidroeletrolíticas agudas ocorridas no Triatlon Ironman Brasil

Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia

Long distance triathlon: demands, preparation and performance

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