1 V 1 = absolute value (magnitude) of oscillation in vapor X B = bottoms composition, mole fraction water X D = distillate composition, mole fraction water X F = feed composition, mole fraction water T~ = linear time constant, min.boilup McGraw-Hill, New York (1963). TN = nonlinear time constant, min. p = slope of Tc versus V line between limits on Tc w = frequency, rad./min.