Fluency Expresses Implicit Knowledge of Tonal Symmetry

Ling, Xiaoli; Li, Fengying; Qiao, Fuqiang; Guo, Xin-Heng; Dienes, Zoltán

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00057

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 89 publications

(138 reference statements)

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“…An accessible example is the knowledge about grammatical rules which develops early and is hard to verbalize even for adults (Reber, 1989; Dienes et al, 1991). But implicit learning processes are also important for sequences of movements (e.g., typing on a keyboard; Nissen and Bullemer, 1987; Willingham, 1998) or stimuli (e.g., visual, spatial, or auditive; Haider et al, 2012; Ling et al, 2016), as well as for social interactions (Heerey and Velani, 2010; Norman and Price, 2012). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emergence of Explicit Knowledge in a Serial Reaction Time Task: The Role of Experienced Fluency and Strength of Representation

Esser

Haider

2017

Front. Psychol.

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The Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) is an important paradigm to study the properties of unconscious learning processes. One specifically interesting and still controversially discussed topic are the conditions under which unconsciously acquired knowledge becomes conscious knowledge. The different assumptions about the underlying mechanisms can contrastively be separated into two accounts: single system views in which the strengthening of associative weights throughout training gradually turns implicit knowledge into explicit knowledge, and dual system views in which implicit knowledge itself does not become conscious. Rather, it requires a second process which detects changes in performance and is able to acquire conscious knowledge. In a series of three experiments, we manipulated the arrangement of sequential and deviant trials. In an SRTT training, participants either received mini-blocks of sequential trials followed by mini-blocks of deviant trials (22 trials each) or they received sequential and deviant trials mixed randomly. Importantly the number of correct and deviant transitions was the same for both conditions. Experiment 1 showed that both conditions acquired a comparable amount of implicit knowledge, expressed in different test tasks. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that both conditions differed in their subjectively experienced fluency of the task, with more fluency experienced when trained with mini-blocks. Lastly, Experiment 3 revealed that the participants trained with longer mini-blocks of sequential and deviant material developed more explicit knowledge. Results are discussed regarding their compatibility with different assumptions about the emergence of explicit knowledge in an implicit learning situation, especially with respect to the role of metacognitive judgements and more specifically the Unexpected-Event Hypothesis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emergence of Explicit Knowledge in a Serial Reaction Time Task: The Role of Experienced Fluency and Strength of Representation

Esser

Haider

2017

Front. Psychol.

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“…Two questions arise from the findings. First, the RT effects found by Ling et al (2016) only shows a correlation of fluency with test string grammaticality. More direct evidence for fluency playing a role in judgments would be provided by experimentally manipulating fluency directly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“… An example of tonal symmetry. The symmetry relation employed by Jiang et al (2012) and Ling et al (2016 ; and in the present study) is based on the use of Chinese tones in Tang dynasty poetry, in which the tones of ping (i.e., tone 1 and tone 2) regularly correspond to the tones of ze (i.e., tone 3 and tone 4). The symmetry relation was constructed according to a mirror inversion of ping and ze tones with the first five tones predicting the last five ones.…”

Section: Overview Of the Current Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With respect to the auditory modality, it presents a different sort of computational problem as stimuli in audition need to be processed over time rather the space of the visual modality ( Tyler, 2003 ). Ling et al (2016) adopted tonal symmetry (i.e., Chinese tonal strings constructed with symmetric structure) as materials and illustrated that the implicit acquisition of the tonal symmetry could reliably elicit processing fluency of symmetric strings. In particular, participants listened to symmetric training strings, and then, in the test phase, participants responded to each syllable of a string according to its tone (1/2/3/4) under the guise of a choice RT task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More direct evidence for fluency playing a role in judgments would be provided by experimentally manipulating fluency directly. Second, Ling et al (2016) presented all participants with symmetric strings in a training phase. This means a crucial question is left open: Was the training needed to lead people to implicitly learn to process the symmetry fluently, or rather do people have a pre-existing tendency to processing such symmetries fluently?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tonal Symmetry Induces Fluency and Sense of Well-Formedness

Qiao

Sun

et al. 2018

Front. Psychol.

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Fluency influences grammaticality judgments of visually presented strings in artificial grammar learning (AGL). Of many potential sources that engender fluency, symmetry is considered to be an important factor. However, symmetry may function differently for visual and auditory stimuli, which present computationally different problems. Thus, the current study aimed to examine whether objectively manipulating fluency by speeding up perception (i.e., manipulating the inter-stimulus interval, ISI, between each syllable of a string) influenced judgments of tonal strings; and thus how symmetry-based fluency might influence judgments. In Experiment 1, with only a test phase, participants were required to give their preference ratings of tonal strings as a measurement of fluency. In experiment 2, participants were instructed to make grammaticality judgments after being incidentally trained on tonal symmetry. Results of Experiment 1 showed that tonal strings with shorter ISI were liked more than those with longer ISI while such difference was not found between symmetric and asymmetric strings without training. Additionally, Experiment 2 found both main effects of symmetry and ISI as well as an interaction. In particular, only asymmetric strings were more likely to be judged as grammatical when they were presented at a shorter ISI. Taken together, participants were sensitive to the fluency induced by the manipulation of ISI and sensitive to symmetry only after training. In sum, we conclude that objective speed influenced grammaticality judgments, implicit learning of tonal symmetry resulted in enhanced fluency, and that fluency may serve as a basis for grammaticality judgments.

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Multisensory temporal processing in own-body contexts: plausibility of hand ownership does not improve visuo-tactile asynchrony detection

2018

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Tracking one's own body is essential for environmental interaction, and involves integrating multisensory cues with stored information about the body's typical features. Exactly how multisensory information is integrated in own-body perception is still unclear. For example, Ide and Hidaka (Exp Brain Res 228:43-50, 2013) found that participants made less precise visuo-tactile temporal order judgments (TOJ) when viewing hands in a plausible orientation (upright; typical for one's own hand) compared to an implausible orientation (rotated 180°). This suggests that viewing one's own body relaxes the precision for perceived visuo-tactile synchrony. In contrast, visuo-proprioceptive research shows improvements for multisensory temporal perception near one's own body in asynchrony detection tasks, implying an increase in precision. Hence, it is unclear whether viewed hand orientation generally modulates the ability to detect small asynchronies between vision and touch, or if this effect is specific to TOJ tasks. We investigated whether viewed hand orientation affects detection of visuo-tactile asynchrony. In two experiments, participants viewed model hands in anatomically plausible or implausible orientations. In one experiment, we stroked the hands to induce the rubber hand illusion. Participants were asked to detect short delays (40-280 ms) between vision (an LED flash on the model hand) and touch (a tap to fingertip of the participant's hidden hand) in a two-interval forced-choice task. Bayesian analyses show that our data provide strong evidence that viewed hand orientation does not affect visuo-tactile asynchrony detection. This study suggests the mechanisms for fine-grained time perception differ between visuo-tactile and visuo-proprioceptive contexts.

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Fluency Expresses Implicit Knowledge of Tonal Symmetry

Cited by 13 publications

References 89 publications

The Emergence of Explicit Knowledge in a Serial Reaction Time Task: The Role of Experienced Fluency and Strength of Representation

The Emergence of Explicit Knowledge in a Serial Reaction Time Task: The Role of Experienced Fluency and Strength of Representation

Tonal Symmetry Induces Fluency and Sense of Well-Formedness

Multisensory temporal processing in own-body contexts: plausibility of hand ownership does not improve visuo-tactile asynchrony detection

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