“…Present results for VF tests (animals and grocery) contrasted with other studies that reported the influence of schooling on VF animal category. 3,56 Carnero and colleagues, for instance, found that individuals with lower educational level had lower scores in VF animal category, 57 in agreement with other studies. 45,58 The rural origin of a large number of participants in the present study might explain the lack of differences in VF animal category.…”
Introduction: The accuracy of commonly used screening tests for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has not been directly compared to those that could be more appropriate for lower schooling. Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of usual screening tests for AD with instruments that might be more appropriate for lower schooling among older adults with low or no literacy. Methods: The study included a clinical sample of 117 elderly outpatients from a Geriatric Clinic classified as literate controls (n = 39), illiterate controls (n = 30), literate AD (n = 30) and illiterate AD (n = 18). The tests were compared as follows: Black and White versus Colored Figure Memory Test; Clock Drawing Test versus Clock Reading Test; Verbal Fluency (VF) animal versus grocery category; CERAD Constructional Praxis versus Stick Design Test. Results: The means of literate and illiterate controls did not differ in the Black and White Figure Memory Test (immediate recall), Colored Figure Memory Test (delayed recall), Clock Reading Test and VF animals and grocery categories. The means of the clinical groups (controls versus AD), in the 2 schooling levels, differed significantly in most of the tests, except for the CERAD Constructive Praxis and the Stick Design Test. Diagnostic accuracy was not significantly different between the compared tests. Conclusion: Commonly used screening tests for AD were as accurate as those expected to overcome the education bias in a sample of older adults with lower or no education.
“…Present results for VF tests (animals and grocery) contrasted with other studies that reported the influence of schooling on VF animal category. 3,56 Carnero and colleagues, for instance, found that individuals with lower educational level had lower scores in VF animal category, 57 in agreement with other studies. 45,58 The rural origin of a large number of participants in the present study might explain the lack of differences in VF animal category.…”
Introduction: The accuracy of commonly used screening tests for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has not been directly compared to those that could be more appropriate for lower schooling. Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of usual screening tests for AD with instruments that might be more appropriate for lower schooling among older adults with low or no literacy. Methods: The study included a clinical sample of 117 elderly outpatients from a Geriatric Clinic classified as literate controls (n = 39), illiterate controls (n = 30), literate AD (n = 30) and illiterate AD (n = 18). The tests were compared as follows: Black and White versus Colored Figure Memory Test; Clock Drawing Test versus Clock Reading Test; Verbal Fluency (VF) animal versus grocery category; CERAD Constructional Praxis versus Stick Design Test. Results: The means of literate and illiterate controls did not differ in the Black and White Figure Memory Test (immediate recall), Colored Figure Memory Test (delayed recall), Clock Reading Test and VF animals and grocery categories. The means of the clinical groups (controls versus AD), in the 2 schooling levels, differed significantly in most of the tests, except for the CERAD Constructive Praxis and the Stick Design Test. Diagnostic accuracy was not significantly different between the compared tests. Conclusion: Commonly used screening tests for AD were as accurate as those expected to overcome the education bias in a sample of older adults with lower or no education.
“…[30][31][32][33] Furthermore, numerous studies provide normative data in Spanish. [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Artiola et al 31 proposed using the letters P, M, and R for the FVF task in order to minimise language effects. Other studies have compared results from bilingual and non-bilingual Spanish speakers on tasks in English and Spanish.…”
Introduction: Lexical fluency tests are frequently used in clinical practice to assess language and executive function.Objective: As part of the Spanish normative studies project in young adults (NEURONORMA young adults), we provide age-and education-adjusted normative data for 3 semantic fluency tasks (animals, fruits and vegetables, and kitchen tools), three formal lexical fluency tasks (words beginning with P, M and R), three excluded-letter fluency tasks (words excluding A, E and S) and a verb fluency task.
Material and methods:The sample consisted of 179 participants who are cognitively normal and range in age from 18 to 49 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to scaled scores. Age-and education-adjusted scores are provided by applying linear regression techniques.
Results:The results show that education impacted most of the verbal fluency test scores, with no effect related to age and only minimal effects related to sex.
Conclusions:The norms obtained will be extremely useful in the clinical evaluation of young Spanish adults. Datos normativos; Edad; Escolaridad; Test de lenguaje; Vocabulario
Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes): normas para los test de fluencia verbal ResumenIntroducción: Los test de fluencia verbal se utilizan con frecuencia en la práctica clínica con el fin de explorar el lenguaje y las funciones ejecutivas.Objetivo: En el presente estudio, como parte de los estudios normativos españoles del proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes, se aportan datos normativos ajustados por edad y escolaridad para ଝ Please cite this article as: Casals-Coll M, et al. Estudios normativos españoles en población adulta joven (proyecto NEURONORMA jóvenes): normas para los test de fluencia verbal. Neurología. 2013;28:33-40.
“…La categoría más extensamente utilizada en la exploración de la FVS es 'animales' [2]. En nuestro país esta tarea ha sido validada por distintos grupos [7][8][9][10]. Al considerar la amplia utilización clínica de la FVS, es deseable disponer de formas paralelas válidas; sin embargo, según nuestro conocimiento, no existen otras tareas de exploración alternativas a la categoría 'animales' y que se hayan validado en nuestro medio.…”
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