“…where f i (d) denote the objectives, g j (d) denote the constraints, D denotes the dose influence matrix, d denotes the dose distribution, and x denotes the solution. For IMRT, the solution, x, can be a fluence map (Romeijn et al 2004, Jinet al 2010, Aleman 2018 or a set of MLC apertures weights (Shepard et al 2002, Broderick et al 2009, Salari and Unkelbach 2013. For IMPT, the solution is a set of spot weights for the designated proton beamlets (Lomax 2008, Jagt et al 2017, van de Water et al 2020.…”