Fluctuations, Noise and Scaling in the Cardio-Pulmonary System

Abstract

The structure and the functioning of cardio-pulmonary system is complex and statistical physics appear to be suitable for their characterization. In this review, we examine scaling in cardio-pulmonary physiology. The focus will be on the interpretation of scaling behaviors and their relation to structure-function in the normal and diseased cardio-pulmonary system. First, we overview fluctuations and scaling in respiratory rate variability in terms of a neural network model. Next, we analyze fluctuations in human heartbeat dynamics under healthy and pathologic conditions using wavelets and multifractal approaches. We then discuss avalanche behavior of airway openings as well as scaling behavior of crackling sound generated during the process of airway openings. We also examine the relationship between the observed scaling properties and the design features of the pulmonary vascular tree. Finally, we show how the network failure of lung tissue structure leads to emphysema, a leading cause of respiratory disability and death worldwide.

Network Physiology of Exercise: Beyond Molecular and Omics Perspectives

“…Identifying and quantifying functional forms of coupling, studying network interactions among diverse physiological systems and processes, and finding the mechanisms of causality and network control are significant challenges due to the complex dynamics of organ systems [64,[86][87][88][89]. Such complexity arises from intrinsic interactions of multi-component cellular and neuronal subsystems that build and regulate each organ in the human body, leading to intermittent, scale-invariant, and nonlinear output signals.…”

Introduction

“…Suki et al 27 consider fluctuations in cardio-pulmonary physiology, relating the scaling behaviour to the structure-function relationship in normal and diseased states of the system. They discuss the application of wavelets and multifractal approaches, avalanche behavior of airway openings and the associated crackling sound, as well as the relationship between the observed scaling properties and the design features of the pulmonary vascular tree.…”