Fluctuations in the Annual Vegetation of California

Talbot, M. W.; Biswell, H. H.; Hormay, A. L.

doi:10.2307/1930392

Cited by 93 publications

(84 citation statements)

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“…Red brome and filaree [Erodium cicutatium (L.) L'He´r. ], dominated disturbed areas that had previously supported native shrubs (Piemeisel 1932) or native perennial grasses (Piemeisel and Lawson 1937;Talbot et al 1939), and was common in oak savannas at higher elevations (Piemeisel and Lawson 1937). Although this exotic grass was reported to be absent from the offshore Islands of San Clemente, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa in the late 1800s (Brandegee 1888, 1890b), it had spread to San Clemente by 1923 (Munz UC #285018; Figure 1) and Santa Cruz by 1928(Junak et al 1995.…”

Section: Subsequent Spread: 1900-1920mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This grass is well established in California's Coast Ranges (Abrams 1917, p. 50), Central Valley (Shear 1900, p 28;Parish 1920;Talbot et al 1939), Mojave Desert (Brooks 1998), and offshore islands (Hoffman 1932;Junak et al 1995). Red brome can dominate even relatively undisturbed Mojave (Beatley 1966;Hunter 1991) and Sonoran Desert communities (Burgess 1965;P.…”

Section: Subsequent Spread: Current Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former California native perennial grasslands have been converted to annual grasslands (Talbot et al 1939;Bartolome 1979) and extensive areas of the Intermountain West's former sagebrush sea have been converted to cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) monocultures caught in a cycle of fire that prevents establishment of native perennial species (D'Antonio and Vitousek 1992). Understanding the spread of red brome will contribute to the body of knowledge about this suite of grasses, which threaten native ecosystem in western North America.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Red brome (Bromus rubens subsp. madritensis) in North America: possible modes for early introductions, subsequent spread

Salo

2005

Biol Invasions

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Although invasions by exotic plants have increased dramatically as human travel and commerce have increased, few have been comprehensively described. Understanding the patterns of invasive species' spread over space and time will help guide management activities and policy. Tracing the earliest appearances of an exotic plant reveals likely sites of introduction, paving the way for genetic studies to quantify founder events and identify potential source populations. Red brome (Bromus madritensis subsp. rubens) is a Mediterranean winter annual grass that has invaded even relatively undisturbed areas of western North America, where it threatens native plant communities. This study used herbarium records and contemporary published accounts to trace the early introductions and subsequent spread of red brome in western North America. The results challenge the most frequently cited sources describing the early history of this grass and suggest three possible modes for early introductions: the California

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Section: Subsequent Spread: 1900-1920mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Subsequent Spread: Current Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Red brome (Bromus rubens subsp. madritensis) in North America: possible modes for early introductions, subsequent spread

Salo

2005

Biol Invasions

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“…In addition to seasonal variability, interannual fluctuations in weather conditions are also prevalent in many ecosystems. A longstanding but rarely tested hypothesis is that different species within a community are adapted to different types of years, such that interannual weather variability contributes to long-term coexistence (Talbot et al 1939, Pitt and Heady 1978, Chesson and Huntly 1989, Hobbs and Mooney 1991, Pake and Venable 1996, Peco et al 1998). For example, in an experimental Minnesota grassland some species increase in abundance during drought years (Tilman 1996) suggesting that ''bad years are good'' for at least some species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variability and nestedness in California grassland species composition

Elmendorf

Harrison

2009

Ecology

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Abstract. Nestedness occurs when species-poor assemblages contain a subset of the species that occur in more species-rich communities and is a commonly observed pattern in spatial data sets. Examination of nested distribution patterns across time rather than space are rarely conducted, even though they may have important implications for species coexistence. Nested temporal assemblages can occur when most species respond similarly to interannual variation in conditions. In contrast, assemblages might be non-nested when different sets of species occur in different years, either because of different resource requirements or as a result of competitive exclusion. Using eight years of plant occurrence data at 71 sites in California grasslands, we found strong signals of temporal nestedness with most species favored by similar conditions. High-quality years enabled the expansion of both grasses and forbs into locales where they were not found during poor-quality years. Native annual forb, exotic annual forb, and exotic annual grass species richness were all greatest in cool, wet years following hot, dry years. Together, these analyses support the hypothesis that, in the absence of community members that specialize on poor-quality years, interannual environmental variation can cause communities to form nested subsets across time much as they do across space.

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“…However, the outcome of the conversion process is an ecosystem with potentially very different properties that is now dominated by annual species, especially grasses, rather than perennial grasses (Talbot et al 1939, McNaughton 1968, Heady 1988. Other examples of native ecosystems invaded by highly competManuscript received 26 January 1998; revised 21 September 1998;accepted 29 September 1998;final version received 16 November 1998.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Competition on Resource Availability and Growth of a California Bunchgrass

Dyer

Rice

1999

Ecology

116

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Abstract. In California, little is known about the sensitivity of native bunchgrasses to competition or to changes in resource availability. We investigated the effect of nonnative annual vegetation on resource availability and growth of a native bunchgrass, Nassella pulchra, in a pair of factorial field experiments that incorporated effects of both interspecific and intraspecific competition as well as variation in soil depth. Plots of differing target densities and neighborhoods were used to assess changes in aboveground (light) and belowground (water) resource availability over multiple seasons in two sites with differing soil depth. N. pulchra grown without interspecific competitors grew larger and produced more culms at all planting densities compared to plants in plots with interspecific competitors. Intraspecific competition significantly influenced growth only in the absence of interspecific competition. Reproductive effort, as measured by flowering culm production, was more sensitive than vegetative growth to both forms of competition. Light availability and variability at the soil surface was greatly reduced by the nonnative annual neighborhood. As expected, soil moisture was rapidly depleted by annuals to 30 cm in all plots. In deepsoil plots, soil moisture was reduced at 60-150 cm depths only when annual vegetation was removed, and depletion was correlated with N. pulchra basal area. This result suggests that the interspecific neighborhood reduced root growth in N. pulchra and its subsequent ability to use deep moisture. Within California's inland grasslands, nonnative annual vegetation has changed seasonal patterns of resource availability. We conclude that (1) increased competition for light during the spring, when growth of annuals is most rapid, suppresses growth and reproduction of N. pulchra; (2) by suppressing bunchgrass growth, annual grasses reduce access to belowground resources by competitive interference; and (3) the loss of perennial grasses in California grasslands and the general dominance by nonnative annual species results in the relative underutilization of deep soil resources. These conclusions suggest that the dominance of California grasslands by nonnative annual vegetation has shifted the primary limiting resource from soil moisture to light and the timing of resource limitation from summer to winter and spring.

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Fluctuations in the Annual Vegetation of California

Cited by 93 publications

References 0 publications

Red brome (Bromus rubens subsp. madritensis) in North America: possible modes for early introductions, subsequent spread

Red brome (Bromus rubens subsp. madritensis) in North America: possible modes for early introductions, subsequent spread

Temporal variability and nestedness in California grassland species composition

Effects of Competition on Resource Availability and Growth of a California Bunchgrass

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