Fluctuations in population densities inform stability mechanisms in host-parasitoid interactions

Abstract

Population dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions has been traditionally studied using a discrete-time formalism starting from the classical work of Nicholson and Bailey. It is well known that differences in parasitism risk among individual hosts can stabilize the otherwise unstable equilibrium of the Nicholson-Bailey model. Here, we consider a stochastic formulation of these discrete-time models, where the host reproduction is a random variable that varies from year to year and drives fluctuations in population densities. Interestingly, our analysis reveals that there exists an optimal level of heterogeneity in parasitism risk that minimizes the extent of fluctuations in the host population density. Intuitively, low variation in parasitism risk drives large fluctuations in the host population density as the system is on the edge of stability. In contrast, high variation in parasitism risk makes the host equilibrium sensitive to the host reproduction rate, also leading to large fluctuations in the population density. Further results show that the correlation between the adult host and parasitoid densities is high for the same year, and gradually decays to zero as one considers cross-species correlations across different years. We next consider an alternative mechanism of stabilizing host-parasitoid population dynamics based on a Type III functional response, where the parasitoid attack rate accelerates with increasing host density. Intriguingly, this nonlinear functional response makes qualitatively different correlation signatures than those seen with heterogeneity in parasitism risk. In particular, a Type III functional response leads to uncorrelated adult and parasitoid densities in the same year, but high cross-species correlation across successive years. In summary, these results argue that the cross-correlation function between population densities contains signatures for uncovering mechanisms that stabilize consumer-resource population dynamics.

Attack by a common parasitoid stabilizes population dynamics of multi-host communities

“…is stable iff m > 1, and m = 1 results in a neutrally stable equilibrium where populations oscillate with a period of 2π/ arctan( √ R 2 − 1) [13]. Interestingly, in contrast to the stability condition (4) that arise for parasitoid-dependent escape responses, here H * is a decreasing function of R. This contrasting behaviors of H * with respect to R can be exploited for discriminating between stability mechanisms [53]. It is important to point out that a phenomenological approach of incorporating a Type III functional response by simply substituting c in the Nicholson-bailey model (1) with c(RH t ) m (i.e., the parasitoid attack rate is set by the initial larval density RH t and remains fixed through the larval stage) leads to an unstable population equilibrium for all m ≥ 0 [54], [55].…”

Stochastic dynamics of consumer-resource interactions

“…In contrast, when f p < 0, both equilibrium densities increase with r * and manifest in a positive correlation in the stochastic model. Recent work in host-parasitoid discrete-time models with a random host reproduction rate has also identified contrasting correlations depending on the mechanism stabilizing the population dynamics [84].…”

Stochastic dynamics of predator-prey interactions

“…In contrast, when f p < 0, both equilibrium densities increase with r * and manifest in a positive correlation in the stochastic model. Recent work in host-parasitoid discrete-time models with a random host reproduction rate has also identified contrasting correlations depending on the mechanism stabilizing the population dynamics [ 88 ].…”