Flt3 ligand and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor preferentially expand and stimulate different dendritic and T-cell subsets

Resident and Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Become Dominant IL-12 Producers under Different Conditions and Signaling Pathways

“…GM-CSF is probably the most commonly used cytokine to differentiate human and mouse DCs from monocytes and BM cells in vitro (30,31). In vivo, administration of GM-CSF expands DCs that differ from resident DCs (32,33). We recently established that functionally and phenotypically inflammatory mDCs correlate with in vitro GM-DCs (11).…”

Reduced risk of acute GVHD following mobilization of HLA-identical sibling donors with GM-CSF alone

“…Increased mobilization of CD4 þ CD25 þ T-regulatory (T reg ) cells has been observed following GM-CSF. [29][30][31] T reg have recently been associated with a reduction in the risk of GVHD in murine models. 32,33 In mice, GM-CSF is associated with mobilization of more DC2 (plasmacytoid) type dendritic cells, which may downmodulate immune responses by shifting the T helper phenotype to a Th2 profile.…”

Transgenic mice expressing Tel-FLT3, a constitutively activated form of FLT3, develop myeloproliferative disease

“…37 DCs expanded by FL are important in processing and presenting antigens to naïve T lymphocytes, particularly memory CD4 þ and CD8 þ T cells. 30,38,39 Additional evidence for the importance of FL comes from FL-null mice in which there is a reduction in DC numbers in the spleen, lymph node and thymus. 30 We also found NK cells to be elevated in the BM of the transgenics.…”