“…The models considered in the literature consist of multi-stage ow shop with multiple identical machines, such as those described by Alidaee et al [7], Azizoglu et al [8], Brah and Loo [9], Dessouky et al [10], Koulamas et al [11], Nowicki and Smutnicki [12], Santos et al [13,14], Negenman [15], and with multiple unrelated parallel machines, such as those described by Adamopouallos et al [16], and Suresh et al [17]. Flow shop scheduling problems ( [18][19][20][21][22][23]) take certain restrictions such as setup times and/or removal times into account; however, those studies make an assumption that only a single machine is considered in every stage. Some FSMPs take independent/dependent setup time into consideration, such as those reported by Balakrishnan and Kanet [24], Allahverdi [25], Franca et al [26], Kim et al [27].…”