Flowering of Apple Trees in the Second Year Is Increased by Firstyear P Fertilization

Neilsen, G. H.; Hogue, E. J.; Parchomchuk, P.

doi:10.21273/hortsci.25.10.1247

Cited by 32 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Although these results on the relationship between leaf macronutrients and alternate bearing are in contrast to some of those obtained in deciduous fruit and nut trees, e.g., apple (Malus domestica) (Neilsen et al, 1990) and pistachio (Pistachia vera) (Rosecrance et al, 1998), they are consistent with results Table 7. Vegetative shoot development and flowering in ''on'' and ''off'' 'Nadorcott' mandarin trees, and ''on'' trees in reaction to de-fruiting in the Summer (January) and Autumn (April) of 2016 in Expt.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

The Significance of Macronutrients in Alternate Bearing ‘Nadorcott’ Mandarin Trees

Stander¹,

Barry²,

Cronjé³

2018

horts

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Additional index words. Citrus reticulata, flowering, fruit load, nutrition, vegetative shoot development Abstract. The significance of macronutrients nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) in leaves was studied in relation with their possible roles in alternate bearing of 'Nadorcott' mandarin (Citrus reticulata) trees over a period of three seasons. Fruit load (''on,'' a heavy fruit load, vs. ''off,'' a light fruit load) affected the leaf macronutrient concentrations, and the amount of macronutrients removed through the harvest of fruit, i.e., the crop removal factor (g · kg L1 ), was consistent in both seasons. The crop removal factors were higher for each macronutrient in ''off'' trees-harvest of 1 kg fruit removed ' '2.3 g · kg L1 N, 0.3 g · kg L1 P, 3.1 g · kg L1 K, 1.0 g · kg L1 Ca, and 0.4 g · kg L1 Mg, compared with 1.3 g · kg L1 N, 0.2 g · kg L1 P, 1.7 g · kg L1 K, 0.6 g · kg L1 Ca, and 0.2 g · kg L1 Mg in ''on'' trees. Fruit load per tree (kg/tree) of 84, 110, and 52 kg/tree in ''on'' trees, however, removed ' '217 g/tree N, 28 g/tree P, 296 g/tree K, 100 g/tree Ca, and 35 g/tree Mg, which was 1.5-6 times more than that of fruit loads of 14, 71, and 16 kg/tree in ''off'' trees. In ''off'' trees, N, P, and K, and in ''on'' trees, Ca accumulated in leaves to between 20% and 30% higher concentrations in season 1, but the higher macronutrient status did not manifest in or consistently correlate with intensity of summer vegetative shoot development in the current season, or intensity of flowering in the next season, the two main determinants of fruit load in 'Nadorcott' mandarin. Apart from some anomalies, the concentrations of macronutrients in leaves were unaffected by de-fruiting and foliar spray applications of N and K to ''on'' trees, and showed no consistent relationship with treatment effects on parameters of vegetative shoot development and flowering. Leaf macronutrients in alternate bearing 'Nadorcott' mandarin trees, fertilized according to grower standard practice, are not related to differences in flowering and vegetative shoot development, and appear to be a consequence of fruit load and not a determinant thereof.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

The Significance of Macronutrients in Alternate Bearing ‘Nadorcott’ Mandarin Trees

Stander¹,

Barry²,

Cronjé³

2018

horts

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“…Higher optimum leaf P concentrations of 2.5 mgÁg -1 dw have been advocated for mature trees based on sand culture studies using potted trees (Bould and Parfitt, 1973). High leaf P concentrations (around and exceeding 3.0 mgÁg -1 dw) have been advocated to stimulate flowering, initial vigor, and yield of newly planted trees (Neilsen et al, 1990;Taylor and Goubran, 1975). Fruit P concentration of P-fertigated fruit always exceeded 100 mgÁkg -1 fw and often was above 120 mgÁkg -1 fw, whereas, after the first year of the study (1999), fruit not receiving P usually had concentrations %100 mgÁkg -1 fw or lower.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Application of 150 g of MAP fertilizer within the planting hole, in association with some form of soil disinfection, has improved establishment and initial growth of apple in replant problem orchards (Neilsen and Yorston, 1991). As a consequence of stimulation of second-year flowering by first-year P applications (Neilsen et al, 1990) and the effectiveness of first-year P fertigation , P fertigation of newly planted apple trees in the first year is a general commercial recommendation regardless of soil P and replant status (BC Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, 2007). The results reported here for a soil of low to moderate P status would suggest bloom time annual fertigation of P to trees receiving N and K fertigation should be recommended because cumulative yield over the first five growing seasons has increased by %20% (%5.3 mT/ ha/year) for the five tested apple cultivars.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include times when apple root length is limited, as when trees are newly planted (Taylor and Goubran, 1975) and when replant disorders further inhibit root growth (Neilsen and Yorston, 1991), or when low soil P levels limit P availability to roots (Cripps, 1987;Raese, 1998). Responses to P application have included increased vigor and accelerated flowering of newly planted trees (Neilsen et al, 1990;Taylor and Goubran, 1975) and increased cropping and increased P concentrations in leaf and fruit tissue of mature trees (Cripps, 1987;Raese, 1998). Foliar sprays of soluble P compounds have increased fruit P concentrations and reduced susceptibility to low temperature breakdown (LTB) in 'Cox's Orange' (Johnson and Yogoratnam, 1978) and LTB and firmness of 'McIntosh' apples (Webster and Lidster, 1986), but it is not known whether soil P applications would result in similar improvements in fruit quality.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Annual Bloom-time Phosphorus Fertigation Affects Soil Phosphorus, Apple Tree Phosphorus Nutrition, Yield, and Fruit Quality

Neilsen¹,

Neilsen²,

Toivonen³

et al. 2008

horts

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A randomized, complete block, split-plot experimental design with six replicates was established and maintained annually for the first five fruiting seasons (1999 to 2003) in a high-density apple [Malus sylvestris (L) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf] orchard on M.9 rootstock planted in Apr. 1998. Main plot treatments involved eight different nutrient regimes, each containing three tree subplots of each of five different cultivars (Ambrosia, Cameo, Fuji, Gala, and Silken). This report compares a +phosphorus (P) treatment, involving annual fertigation at bloom time of 20 g P/tree as ammonium polyphosphate (10N–15P–0K), to a −P treatment. Both treatments also received nitrogen, potassium, and boron nutrients through fertigation. Drip fertigation of P increased 2 M KCl-extractable P to 0.4-m depth within 0.5-m distance of the drippers. Leaf and fruit P concentrations were consistently increased by the +P treatment with few differences among cultivars. P-fertigated trees also had a 20% increase in cumulative yield overall cultivars during the first five fruiting seasons. Standard fruit quality measurements, including fruit size, soluble solids concentration, titratable acidity, and red coloration were unaffected by P application. However, reductions in incidence of water core at harvest, increased resistance to browning, and elevated antioxidant content of harvested fruit measured in some years imply a role for P in apple membrane stability. The cumulative results indicate that applications of 20 g P as ammonium polyphosphate annually at bloom would be advantageous for apples receiving adequate fertigated applications of nitrogen, potassium, and boron. Best apple performance was associated with leaf P concentrations above 2.2 mg·g−1 dry weight and fruit P concentrations between 100 and 120 mg·kg−1 dry weight.

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“…The frequency and intensity of reproductive events that characterize masting are proximally determined by within-plant resource allocation (Rees et al 2002, Crone et al 2009), which in turn, is strongly influenced by soil nutrient availability (Marschner 1995). For example, competition for nitrogen (N) and carbohydrates between floral and leaf buds may drive variation in flowering in some species (Han et al 2008), and these competitive interactions may be relaxed through increasing soil nutrients (e.g., Neilsen et al 1990). High-fertility soils are thus predicted to increase reproductive output (i.e., seeds per m 2 ) and lower interannual variation, increasing the number of years with medium-or low-intensity flowering at the expense of those with negligible flowering (Kelly and Sork 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil nutrient supply modulates temperature‐induction cues in mast‐seeding grasses

Tanentzap

Lee

Coomes

2012

Ecology

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Abstract. Synchronous and intermittent reproduction in long-lived plants, known as mast seeding, is induced by climatic cues, but the mechanism explaining variation in masting among neighboring but edaphically segregated species is unknown. Soil nutrients can enhance flowering, and thus, populations on nutrient-rich soils may require less-favorable growing temperatures to flower. We tested this hypothesis by predicting the probability of flowering in response to air temperature for five species of alpine Chionochloa grasses in South Island, New Zealand, over 37 years and relating our predictions to soil N supply (NH 4 þ þ NO 3 À ). Summer air temperatures better predicted flowering than spring air temperatures, which were correlated with soil N mineralization. Species on N-rich soils required lower mean temperatures to induce flowering and/or responded more consistently across a gradient of air temperatures, contributing to the higher probability of their tillers and tussocks flowering at low summer temperatures. Our results suggest that flowering primarily occurs in response to warm summer temperatures, but species on N-rich soils require less favorable growing conditions because they invest relatively less N in seeds. Thus, predicting masting requires a consideration of the interactions among climate, the internal resources of plants, and mineral nutrient uptake.

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Flowering of Apple Trees in the Second Year Is Increased by Firstyear P Fertilization

Cited by 32 publications

References 10 publications

The Significance of Macronutrients in Alternate Bearing ‘Nadorcott’ Mandarin Trees

The Significance of Macronutrients in Alternate Bearing ‘Nadorcott’ Mandarin Trees

Annual Bloom-time Phosphorus Fertigation Affects Soil Phosphorus, Apple Tree Phosphorus Nutrition, Yield, and Fruit Quality

Soil nutrient supply modulates temperature‐induction cues in mast‐seeding grasses

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