Flow maldistributions and hot spots in down-flow packed bed reactors

Formation and dynamics of a hot zone in radial flow reactor

“…Ž . and Balakotaiah 1994 andBenneker et al 1998 suggest that the interaction between free convection and reaction may generate hot and cold zones in a packed-bed reactor. The experiments did not reveal any difference in the hot region on the top and bottom of the horizontal held radial flow reactor.…”

“…Ž . Balakotaiah 1994, Nguyen and Balakotaiah 1994, and Ž . Benneker et al 1998 showed that this type of interaction may generate flow maldistributions and local hot zones in packed-bed reactors.…”

Dynamics of hot zones on top of packed-bed reactors

“…In a down-flow packed-bed reactor the density in the flow direction decreases due to the exothermic reaction. Thus at low reactant velocity buoyancy may lead to flow maldistribution and hot zones (Nguyen and Balakotaiah, 1994;Benneker et al, 1998). At present it is not established what causes formation of transverse hot zones in a uniformly active packedbed reactor under the common situation that forced convection dominates the transport processes.…”

Linear stability analysis of high- and low-dimensional models for describing mixing-limited pattern formation in homogeneous autocatalytic reactors

“…Schmitz and Tsotsis [12] showed in their theoretical study that inter-particle interactions give rise to spatially patterned states under certain conditions. Balakotaiah and coworkers [13][14][15] have shown that flow misdistributions and hot spots may occur in down-flow packed-bed reactors and the regions of these instabilities are determined in terms of various transport and kinetic parameters. Benneker et al [16] indicated that hydrodynamic instabilities observed in packed-bed reactors may disturb the plug-flow character and may lead to hot spots and deactivated catalysts.…”