Flow Injection Analysis of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde in Honey by a Modified Winkler Method

Abstract

One of the quality indicators for honey is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde (HMF), which is formed during the heating or aging of honey. The International Honey Commission recommends three methods for the determination of HMF in honey: the Winkler method, the White method, and determination by HPLC. The Winkler method uses the carcinogenic substance p-toluidine, which is not in accordance with the principles of Green Chemistry. The present work describes the determination of HMF in honey by flow injection analysis (FIA) using a modified Winkler method, replacing p-toluidine with p-aminobenzoic acid. The linear range was 1.00 to 40.0 mg L -1 , the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.43 mg L -1, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1.32 mg L -1 . The method is an efficient and environmentally friendly technique for the analysis of HMF in honey.

Evaluation of Brazilian Contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals Through Green Chemistry: A Systemic Review

“…All the articles studied showed concern with the waste generated and contributed to the SDG 12. Forty-eight evaluated articles proposed analytical methods that resulted in the reduction of waste generated [6 -53] seven studies presented techniques that did not require chemical products [54 -60] and nine studies suggested alteration of reagent / solvent for a similar less harmful to the environment and health [4, 19,26,30,44,[61][62][63][64].…”

“…Brondi et al, 2013 [43] determined sulfate in water. The other works [4,19,26,44,51,61,62,64,65] reduce or replaced toxic reagents / solvents with other chemicals that perform the same function but are less harmful to the operator's health and the environment. De Prá Urio and Masini, 2017 [15] evaluated in their work the presence of two herbicides, Simazine and Atrazine, in rivers.…”

Paper platform for reflectometric determination of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural in sugarcane liquor

“…The structure of the colored product formed in the reaction involving PABA, BA, and HMF was described by Castoldi et al [33] and is illustrated in Fig. 1A.…”

“…The reagent solution, described in the work of Castoldi et al [33], was based on the Winkler method for determination of HMF in honey samples [34]. This solution contained p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), barbituric acid (BA), and hydrochloric acid (HCl).…”

“…The reagents selected for the colorimetric determination of FUR and HMF were PABA and BA, based on earlier work by our research group [33]. In this reaction, there is cleavage of the furanic ring, forming a product that absorbs radiation in the visible region, as represented in Fig.…”