Flow fields and outputs of the hydrothermal plume at the Wocan-1 field based on an <italic>in-situ</italic> video

Numerical Simulation-Based Analysis of Seafloor Hydrothermal Plumes: A Case Study of the Wocan-1 Hydrothermal Field, Carlsberg Ridge, Northwest Indian Ocean

“…The temperature of the vent fluids in the Flaming Hill area was 359 • C according to the measurement, while that in the Mulberry Forest area was 250 • C according to the mineralogy of the sulfide chimney [25]. The vent flow rates were calculated through image simulation based on captured images of video [29], which were determined to be 20 cm/s and 15 cm/s for the Flaming Hill area and Mulberry Forest area, respectively. The background ocean current data were obtained from the long-term observation of a mooring system deployed at 1000 m south to the WHF-1 (station 49V-ST01) (Figure 1a) [30], the main direction of the background current being northwest-southeast, which is consistent with the trend of the selected section AA'.…”

Numerical Simulation Study of Seafloor Hydrothermal Circulation Based on HydrothermalFoam: A Case Study of the Wocan-1 Hydrothermal Field, Carlsberg Ridge, Indian Ocean

“…In 2022, Chen et al [27] based on graphical regional inter-relationship algorithms, analyzed the data of the Wocan-1 hydrothermal field in the north-west Indian Ocean, and estimated that the heat input into the ocean by the "Flaming Hill" in the north-west Indian Ocean was about 1.35 ± 0.11 MW, and the Fe flow volume was about 3661 ± 323 kg/year. Based on the above heat flow estimate and Fe flow estimates, it is possible to construct a two-dimensional numerical model of the heat fluid cycle of WHF-1, and use Hydrother-malFoam to simulate the hydrothermal fluid circulation process in the ocean shell as well The system's upper region is overlaid with seawater, maintaining a consistent pressure of 30 MPa.…”

“…where c ht ≈ 5 × 10 3 J kg −1 , ν d ≈ 10-7 m 2 s −1 , and a d ≈ 10 −3 • C −1 , represent the specific heat capacity, kinematic viscosity, and coefficient of thermal expansion of the fluid at the hydrothermal vent, respectively [9]; ρ f 0 = 1000 kg m −3 denotes the density of the fluid at 0 • C; g = 9.8 m s −2 is the gravity acceleration; A d = 400 m 2 is the estimated hydrothermal vent area-it is worth noting that the calculations of the subsequent examples are based on this assumption, which can be modified later after obtaining more accurate data; T d = 359 • C, which is the fluid temperature at the vent [17]; H = 1.35 ± 0.11 MW denotes the heat flux from the hydrothermal vent [27]. Substituting the above parameters into Equations ( 7) and ( 8), the flux at the vent Q = 0.75 ± 0.06 kg s −1 and the permeability of the hydrothermal recharge zone k d = 5.3 ± 0.4 × 10 −14 m 2 can be obtained.…”

“…Substituting the above parameters into Equations ( 7) and ( 8), the flux at the vent Q = 0.75 ± 0.06 kg s −1 and the permeability of the hydrothermal recharge zone k d = 5.3 ± 0.4 × 10 −14 m 2 can be obtained. Chen et al [27] estimated that the Fe flux to the ocean from the hydrothermal vent of WHF-1 was about 3661 ± 323 kg/a, from which the mass of elements released into the ocean from the hydrothermal vents of WHF-1 can be estimated by Equation ( 9) [29].…”