Leukemia is a group of hematologic malignant neoplasms characterized by the proliferation of abnormal lymphoid or hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and frequent involvement of peripheral blood and other organs. Leukemia can be classified as acute or chronic based on its rate of progression and specified as one of the many subtypes with other information incorporated according to the WHO classification. Common leukemias include acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. With the tremendous improvement in instrumentation and reagents during the past several decades, flow cytometry has become a powerful immunophenotyping tool, and plays a critically important role in the diagnosis of various leukemias. Flow cytometry can quickly identify the abnormal cell population, characterize its phenotype, give lineage classification, make diagnosis, or narrow down Note to the Reader: This chapter is part of the book Leukemia (ISBN: 978-0-6453320-7-0), scheduled for publication in September 2022. The book is being published by Exon Publications,