1991
DOI: 10.1002/aic.690370610
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Flow characteristics of waxy crude oils: Application to pipeline design

Abstract: IntroductionThe presence of crystallized wax in crude oil and petroleum products converts a simple Newtonian fluid, whose viscosity is readily measured using such devices as glass capillary viscometers, into a very complex non-Newtonian fluid whose flow properties are very difficult to measure in a reliable and repeatable manner even in the most sophisticated viscometers. Many crude oils throughout the world contain significant quantities of wax, which will readily crystallize during the production, transporta… Show more

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Cited by 130 publications
(114 citation statements)
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“…These additives modify the wax crystal structure either by cocrystallization or by adsorption, producing smaller crystals of higher volume to surface area ratio, thus preventing gelation. 2 These comb-like polymers adsorb strongly to the main growth faces of the wax crystal, and do so in a manner that breaks down the characteristic lamellar structure found in wax crystal. 3 These polymers crystallize through alkyl side chain packing, independently of the stereoregularity of the main chain.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These additives modify the wax crystal structure either by cocrystallization or by adsorption, producing smaller crystals of higher volume to surface area ratio, thus preventing gelation. 2 These comb-like polymers adsorb strongly to the main growth faces of the wax crystal, and do so in a manner that breaks down the characteristic lamellar structure found in wax crystal. 3 These polymers crystallize through alkyl side chain packing, independently of the stereoregularity of the main chain.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…When the additives or flow improvers are added, they alter the wax crystal size and shape in some manner and prevent the tendency to interlock. The flow improvers or pour point depressants act by regarding the growth of the wax crystals in the XY crystallographic plane, thereby producing smaller crystals have higher volume and surface ratio [24].…”
Section: Pour Point Measurementsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Drilling muds, waxy crude oils, coal water slurries, toothpaste and ceramics are typical examples of materials that are usually modeled as Bingham fluids (see [9], [10], [11], [12]). We remark however that the Bingham model, even though in some cases provides a good schematization of the behavior of certain materials, fails in its basic assumption since a perfect rigid body can never exist.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%