Flow-Based Dynamic Approach to Assess Bioaccessible Zinc in Dry Dog Food Samples

Gregório, Bruno J.R.; Pereira, Ana Margarida; Fernandes, Sara R.; Matos, Elisabete; Castanheira, Francisco; Fonseca, António J.M.; Cabrita, Ana R.J.; Segundo, Marcela A.

doi:10.3390/molecules25061333

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The inorganic forms of Zn are also more sensitive to dietary Ca and phytate (Cummings and Kovacic 2009 ). According to a recent study, only 58.2 % of the total Zn content in dry dog foods was bioavailable to dogs (Gregório et al 2020 ). Anyway, the content of Ca, phytate, and Zn in the dogs’ diets were not assessed in this study, and thus, further research is needed to explain the reason for higher hair Zn concentration in raw diet fed dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet and dog characteristics affect major and trace elements in hair and blood of healthy dogs

et al. 2021

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Obtaining correct amounts of essential elements, and avoiding toxic metals are key factors in dog health. Through analyzing major and trace elements in hair and blood of 50 healthy companion dogs using ICP-MS, we study their associations with dog characteristics and diet, hypothesizing that eating the same diet long-term results in strong correlations between hair and blood element concentrations, and that dog characteristics and diet affect element status. The correlation between hair and blood was significant for Hg (R = 0.601, p = 0.000) and Pb (R = 0.384, p = 0.010). The following associations were significant (p < 0.05): Dark hair had higher Ca and Mg compared to light hair. Females had higher hair Zn, blood Mn, and blood As compared to males. Blood Mn and Se increased, while blood Pb decreased with age. Raw diet fed dogs had higher hair Zn and Se compared to dry or mixed diet fed dogs, and lower blood Mn compared to dry diet fed dogs. Dry and mixed diet fed dogs had higher blood Cd compared to raw diet fed dogs. Mixed diet fed dogs had higher hair Ca and Mg compared to raw or dry diet fed dogs, and higher hair Pb compared to dry diet fed dogs. Wild game consumption was associated with higher blood Pb, and rice consumption with higher blood As. In conclusion, hair provides an alternative for assessing Hg and Pb exposure, and major and trace elements status is affected by hair color, sex, age, and diet.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diet and dog characteristics affect major and trace elements in hair and blood of healthy dogs

et al. 2021

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“…Compared to the fast method proposed by Goi et al [ 14 ], our approach provides the value of the total Zn as a digestion process is performed before the fluorimetric reaction while the near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy-based method can only detect Zn associated with organic complexes, providing underestimated results for dog food supplemented with inorganic forms of Zn. Finally, compared to other approaches that applied AAS [ 26 ] or ICP-MS [ 7 ], the method proposed here allows the simultaneous determination of up to 96 samples, without requiring expensive equipment or application of the standard addition method.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Miniaturized Fluorimetric Method for Quantification of Zinc in Dry Dog Food

Martins

Pereira

Matos³

et al. 2020

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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Zinc is an essential trace element for animals in several biological processes, particularly in energy production, and it is acquired from food ingestion. In this context, a microplate-based fluorimetric assay was developed for simple, fast, and low-cost determination of zinc in pet food using 2,2′-((4-(2,7-difluoro-3,6-dihydroxy-4aH-xanthen-9-yl)-3-methoxyphenyl)azanediyl)diacetic acid (FluoZin-1) as fluorescent probe. Several aspects were studied, namely, the stability of the fluorescent product over time, the FluoZin-1 concentration, and the pH of reaction media. The developed methodology provided a limit of detection of 1 μg L−1 in sample acid digests, with a working range of 10 to 200 μg L−1, corresponding to 100–2000 mg of Zn per kg of dry dog food samples. Intraday repeatability and interday repeatability were assessed, with relative standard deviation values < 3.4% (100 μg L−1) and <11.7% (10 μg L−1). Sample analysis indicated that the proposed fluorimetric assay provided results consistent with ICP-MS analysis. These results demonstrated that the developed assay can be used for rapid determination of zinc in dry dog food.

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“…As well as this, high levels of Ca in the diet can inhibit the absorption of Fe and Zn in the gastrointestinal tract [69]. Recent studies on the development of a new system for the evaluation of bioaccessible Zn in dry dog food, showed that most of the foods presented total Zn levels higher than the MLL, but this value was not surpassed if the bioaccessible Zn content was considered [70]. Therefore, it should be borne in mind that the bioavailability of trace minerals determines efficacy.…”

Section: Trace Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines

2020

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The aims of the present work are to estimate the nutritional value and to evaluate and compare the levels of macroelements (Ca, P, K, Na, Mg), microelements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu), heavy metals (Co, Cd, Pb, Mo, Cr, Ni), and their ratios in extruded complete foods for adult dogs, their compatibility with nutritional guidelines, as well as food profile similarity. Basic composition was determined according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Analyses for elements were performed using an atomic absorption spectrometer. All the evaluated dry dog foods met the minimum recommended levels for protein and fat. Eighteen tested dog foods (60%) did not meet at least one recommendation of nutritional guidelines. Four dog foods exceeded the legal limit of Fe and five foods exceeded the legal limit of Zn; in one of them, Zn level was almost twice higher. Dog foods with insect protein exceeded the legal limit for Mn content. Eight dog foods had an inappropriate Ca:P ratio. Heavy metals were below detection limit in all analyzed dog foods. The results seem to show the need for regular feed analyses of the elemental composition in raw materials before introducing supplementation and for the monitoring of the mineral composition of finished pet food.

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Flow-Based Dynamic Approach to Assess Bioaccessible Zinc in Dry Dog Food Samples

Cited by 9 publications

References 34 publications

Diet and dog characteristics affect major and trace elements in hair and blood of healthy dogs

Diet and dog characteristics affect major and trace elements in hair and blood of healthy dogs

Miniaturized Fluorimetric Method for Quantification of Zinc in Dry Dog Food

Mineral Composition of Cereal and Cereal-Free Dry Dog Foods versus Nutritional Guidelines

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