“…Saternus reviewed the influence of gas flow rate on the nucleation, growth, morphology and dispersion of bubbles in liquid metals in 2005 (Saternus and Botor 2005). Many studies and reviews for this phenomenon in the chemical process industry can be found (Cacciamani and Ferro 2001;Moucha, Linek, et al 2003;Hall, Barigou, et al 2005;Madan, Satish, et al 2005;Bomba and Zun 2006;Kumaresan and Joshi 2006;Montante, Bakker, et al 2006;Smith 2006;Takahashi, Tagawa, et al 2006;Ghionzoli, Bujalski, et al 2007;Hao, Wang, et al 2007;Masiuk and Rakoczy 2007;Montante, Paglianti, et al 2007;Murthy, Ghadge, et al 2007;Rielly, Habib, et al 2007;Rudolph, Schuer, et al 2007;Yusaf and Buttsworth 2007;Montante, Figure 44 Gibbs free energy for the reactions to remove impurity elements from aluminum by AlF 3 powder injection. Nemtsov and Zabaniotou 2008;Richter, Hoffmann, et al 2008).…”